Geographical Indication (GI) options for Ethiopian Coffee and Ghanaian Cocoa

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Informal–Formal Sector Interactions in Automotive Engineering, Kampala and informal sectors. Instead, emphasis is placed on formal-to-formal sector linkages, such as university–industry linkages or collaborations and exchanges of innovation through formal “clusters” (UNCST official, 2012). The rationale is that these relations are easier to foster than formal-to-informal sector linkages and vice versa. The official stated: “Actually, we are working with Makerere University’s Innovation System and Clusters Programme. They have clusters, and we are trying to study the relationships within those clusters” (UNCST official, 2012). The UNCST official said he hoped that, through such clusters, the university might bring informal actors on board. However, Makerere’s Clusters Programme currently focuses on formal industry actors. 3 Arguably, these clusters present an easier means of dealing with IP issues than if the university were to collaborate extensively with informal-sector artisans. 5. Conclusions This research found a striking absence of concern among the informal- sector actors studied about IP protection or IP rights in relation to their innovative collaborations with other informal actors or with formal-sector players. Meanwhile, the formal sector was found to be showing increasing interest in IP protection, but it was notable that the formal sector’s formal–informal proxy entity, Gatsby Garage, appeared not to bring IP considerations into play during collaborations with the informal-sector artisans. These findings suggest there is a great deal of dynamism inherent in non-IP-based incentive modalities. Examination of how policy-makers might be able to optimise the incentive mechanisms at play in the settings studied in the course of this research was beyond the scope of the study, but there is clearly a need for substantial African-focused research in this area. Government policies are needed in Uganda, and perhaps similarly in other African nations, to support formal–informal and informal–informal sector knowledge exchanges, so that innovations extend beyond project-specific or institution-specific initiatives. The incentive mechanisms included in such policy tools will need to be grounded in nuanced understanding of the complex mixes of motivations at play at different points along the formal–informal continuum. 3 Details about Makerere’s Clusters Programme are available at: http://cedat.mak.ac.ug/ktp/ cluster-programs.html. 73
Innovation & Intellectual Property Appendix 3.1: Visual representation of networks among study participants and entities P1 P7 P6 Government (UNCST) CEDAT Kiira EV P2 Gatsby Garage P5 Central Engineering P3 P4 P =Participant CEDAT = College of Engineering, Design, Art and Technology (Makerere University) Bibliography Centre for Research in Transportation Technologies (CRTT) (n.d.), Makerere University, Kampala, available at: http://cedat.mak.ac.ug/research/crtt.html (accessed 5 April 2013). College of Engineering, Design, Art and Technology CEDAT (n.d.), Makerere University, Kampala, available at: http://cedat.mak.ac.ug (accessed 5 April 2013). Daniels, S. (2010), Making Do: Innovation in Kenya’s Informal Economy, available at: http://analoguedigital.com/makingdo/ (accessed 5 April 2013). Freeman, L. C. (2004), The Development of Social Network Analysis: A Study in the Sociology of Science, Empirical Press, Vancouver. Hanneman, R. A. and Riddle, M. (2005), Introduction to Social Network Methods, University of California, Riverside, available at: http://faculty.ucr.edu/~hanneman/ (accessed 5 April 2013). Hanneman, R.A., Martinez, J. and Holguin, R. (2005), Spatial Dynamics of Human Populations: Basic Models, available at: http://faculty.ucr.edu/~hanneman/spatial/ (accessed 5 April 2013). 74
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Innovation & Intellectual Property
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Contents Preface ..................
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Preface This book is among the key
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Preface mandated Train for Trade pr
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About the Contributors Dr Perihan A
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Chapter 6 The Policy Context for a
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Chapter 10 African Patent Offices N
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Chapter 11 The State of Biofuel Inn
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Chapter 14 Towards University-Indus
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Table 15.7: Importance of IP and ot
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Geographical Indication (GI) options for Ethiopian Coffee and Ghanaian Cocoa

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