Geographical Indication (GI) options for Ethiopian Coffee and Ghanaian Cocoa

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Reflections on the Lack of Biofuel Innovation in Egypt the Eco-Patent Commons initiative to create a collection of patents that concern inventions that directly or indirectly protect the environment (Hall and Helmers, 2011). The patents are pledged by companies and other IP rights-holders and are made available to anyone free of charge. This patent commons is a resource for connecting those who have had success with a particular challenge to those who are facing similar challenges (WBCSD, 2011). Since the launch of the Eco-Patent Commons, 121 eco-friendly patents have been contributed by 13 companies worldwide (WBCSD, 2011). The patent commons model could be deployed in Egypt in order to pool Egyptian clean energy technology contributions and provide an institutional design that allows easy access to patented clean energy technologies. Accordingly, a biofuels innovation pool that contains different licences from Egyptian patent-holders or breeders of new plant varieties could stimulate use of innovation for equitable reward. Those members of the private sector interested in investing in biofuels innovation could pay a reasonable fee for using these protected technologies. (See Chapters 6 and 7 in this volume for discussion of commons modalities in relation to traditional knowledge [TK].) Research incentives One of the main obstacles facing researchers and scientists in Egypt is a lack of funds. And several interviewees criticised the lack of government help in marketing their innovations, making it more difficult to recoup research expenses. Providing incentives in the form of research grants and awards could help promote innovation. Stakeholder structures There is neither a policy nor a holistic strategy for the development of biofuels in Egypt. A researcher, scientist or an investor in the field of biofuels does not have access to a governmental body that can provide guidance, funds or approvals in the context of biofuels. Thus Egypt is in need of a workable biofuels strategy and a body that is responsible for governing biofuels research with the objective of developing this important field of technology for national interests. The activities of this body could include: ● ● setting out a national holistic biofuels strategy that includes, but is not limited to, deciding the optimum level of biofuel generation that Egypt can implement along with providing the necessary infrastructure; gathering research data and literature regarding biofuels and compiling a list of research projects undertaken by research institutions in Egypt to facilitate effective research and cooperation among scientists; 277
Innovation & Intellectual Property ● ● building effective public–private partnerships and collaborative research projects, which could be an effective way for the public sector, generally limited in resources, to achieve public policy objectives through working with the private sector; and administering biofuel-related activities and providing the necessary approvals in coordination with different government entities. In addition, it is important to establish a national platform among researchers and the industry to establish priorities for short- and long-term timeframes for biofuels. Such a platform could act as a lobby to push Parliament towards adopting laws which, among other things, stipulate percentages of biofuels that need to be blended into gasoline, and establish implementation provisions. Also, during the research interviews with the private sector, we noted that companies are not aware of each other’s activities, and interviewees expressed the need for private-sector collaboration (and, in turn, investment) in order to take the biofuels industry forward strongly. The Egyptian government could play a role through creation of new tax and investment incentives for biofuels investors. Accordingly, small and medium-sized entrepreneurs and farmers should consider establishment of a consortium to help secure investments. Bibliography Primary sources Legal instruments Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) (1994). Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) (1992). Egyptian Intellectual Property Rights Law (EIPRL) 82 of 2002. Executive Regulation of Book One (patents) and Book Four (plant varieties) of the EIPRL issued by Prime Ministerial Decree 1366 of 2003. Egyptian government documents Ministry of State for Environmental Affairs (2012), “The national programme for safe use of treated sewage water for afforestation: planting jatropha in Egypt”, available at: www.eeaa.gov.eg/english/main/env_forests_jatropha.asp (accessed 11 April 2013). 278
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Contents Preface ..................
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Preface This book is among the key
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Preface mandated Train for Trade pr
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About the Contributors Dr Perihan A
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Chapter 2 Frameworks for Analysing
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Geographical Indication (GI) options for Ethiopian Coffee and Ghanaian Cocoa

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