Geographical Indication (GI) options for Ethiopian Coffee and Ghanaian Cocoa

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Reflections on the Lack of Biofuel Innovation in Egypt Scientists and academics There is no specific research institute or department within a university faculty in Egypt that specialises in renewable energy or biofuels technology. Biofuel investigations are usually temporary projects. For example, at some engineering faculties and/or departments, such as those at Cairo University and the Arab Academy for Science and Technology and Maritime Transport, there is an interest in the development of biofuel refineries and in undertaking research to evaluate the quantity of energy that can be derived from different types of biofuels. In faculties of agriculture, the departments are mainly focused on studying plants, agricultural waste or algae and biofuel production methods (e.g. the Department of Animal and Fish Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University). In environmental institutes, while research is focused on biofuel production in general, there is a focus on the environmental impact of biofuels. The only important domestically generated biofuels patent we were able to find evidence of was obtained in 2009 by Bahaa Shawky, a professor at the Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Division at the National Research Centre (NRC). The invention involves a pre-treatment method for facilitating the enzyme decomposition of different agricultural waste, e.g. rice straw. Facilitating enzyme decomposition helps generate sugar, which is then fermented to obtain bioethanol. 3 The patent was granted in 2009 but has not yet been commercialised at any level by industry, due in part to lack of government support. According to Shawky, this invention should ideally be considered for adoption as a national project, because it could help reuse, for energy production, the 40 million tonnes of agricultural waste produced annually in Egypt. At the Faculty of Agriculture of Alexandria University, it was found that some researchers are trying to increase the amount of oil that can be extracted from algae, which can then be converted into biofuels (see Demirbas and Demirbas, 2010). Another important biofuels project was established by the Aquaculture Research Centre (ARC) in the Arab Academy for Science, Technology and Maritime Transport. The ARC managed to create algae powder on a small scale, using dehydration techniques. More importantly, the ARC successfully extracted biofuels from used cooking oil. After applying chemical conversion techniques, the ARC obtained biodiesel from the used cooking oil in a cost-effective manner with minimal environmental impact. For this purpose, the ARC signed agreements with hotels and restaurants to obtain used cooking 3 Patent No. 24507/2009, granted by the Egyptian Patent Office, for “a method and multipurpose apparatus for lignocelluloses materials pre-treatment to enhance subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis for producing fermentable sugars and ethanol”. 273
Innovation & Intellectual Property oil instead of their disposing of it. The ARC team did not pursue the patent route due to the formalities and time required for patent review process at the Egyptian Patent Office. Public-sector bodies We were surprised to discover that Egypt’s New and Renewable Energy Authority (NREA) does not have any departments that specialise in biofuels, and in fact is not conducting research pertaining to biofuels (NREA, 2012). The Authority’s projects and research are mainly concerned with solar and wind energy production, with research on biofuels apparently a lower priority area. The Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency (EEAA), meanwhile, is undertaking several projects. One project relates to growing the jatropha plant (a commonly known source of biofuels) using treated waste water. The EEAA planted jatropha, using treated waste water, in the Suez and Luxor regions on land otherwise unsuitable for food agriculture, and the aim is to produce high-energy yields with low inputs of water, fertilisers and pesticides and on the smallest possible land area (Ministry of State for Environmental Affairs, 2012). One of the jatropha plantations was found to be very successful in comparison to its counterparts in other countries (JBEDC, 2008). However, the EEAA officials interviewed stated that Egyptian jatropha is not being used for biofuel production beyond the research setting, due to a lack of funding. Private sector Private-sector interviewees were found to be enthusiastic about biofuels, and they acknowledged the importance of biofuels to the country’s future. At the same time, they stated that biofuel production has yet to become a commercial reality in Egypt. Energy Allied International, an international development firm, initiated investment in the biofuels sector in Egypt in 2005 and established a subcompany called New Nile Company. New Nile’s vision was to adopt an integrated seawater agriculture system (ISAS) which utilises seawater for biofuel and food production (New Nile Company, 2012). New Nile also wanted to do some work in Egypt with a new variety of jatropha that it was developing in conjunction with an Indian company and that was thought to be suitable for the climate, agriculture and irrigation conditions in Egypt. However, after obtaining the necessary approvals, New Nile encountered a number of administrative hurdles which led it to abandon the project. The private firm Egyptian Natural Oil Co. (Natoil), established in 1996, grows jojoba and sells its seeds and rooted seedlings for further planting (Natoil, 2012). 274
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Contents Preface ..................
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Preface This book is among the key
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Preface mandated Train for Trade pr
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About the Contributors Dr Perihan A
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Chapter 2 Frameworks for Analysing
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Page 247 and 248: Innovation & Intellectual Property
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Geographical Indication (GI) options for Ethiopian Coffee and Ghanaian Cocoa

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