Local Area Networks (LANs) in Aircraft - FTP Directory Listing - FAA

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Defend the Network Perimeter access control (firewalls); secure routing table updates; explicit inter-AS policies (security, QoS); Appropriate BGP policy settings; Secure Multicast Defend the Enclave Network Access Controls; Virtual Private Networks (VPN); database security; publish and subscribe security; peer-to-peer identification and authentication Defend the Enclave Defend the Enclave application application application application application application application application application application application application application application application application application application application application application application application application application application application Device Security: “Internet Harden” OS; Malicious Code Detection/ Response; Code signing for mobile code; data-at-rest confidentiality, integrity and protection; human-to-machine identification and authorization; etc. Application security: authentication; authorization (separation of duties with least privilege); protocol integrity protection; confidentiality; etc. Figure 15. Sample Defense-in-Depth Technologies Each of these protection systems should preferentially support all elements of the control life cycle, which is shown in figure 16. Control life cycle defenses contain the following basic elements: • Protection: security controls that provide protections to thwart possible attacks. • Detection: security controls that detect, log, and report the existence of successful exploits that somehow overcame the protection system. • Reaction/Neutralization: security controls that seek to neutralize any possible damage from successful exploits. • Recovery/Reconstitution: controls that enable the entity to be reconstituted or recovered should successful exploits damage the entity beyond the capability of the neutralization controls to correct. The recovery and reconstitution often is integrated with system or network management processes. The exemplar network architecture recommended by this study in (see section 8.3) heavily relies upon defense-in-depth concepts to defend against the network risks discussed in section 4 and appendix A. 54
Protection Detection Reaction / Neutralization Recovery / Reconstitution - ongoing risk assessments - technology controls - security processes - system log monitoring - network and host-based intrusion detection - warning, escalation to incident response team Ongoing Damage - system recovery begins (e.g. hardware replaced, applications and information restored) System Assessment - Is the system recoverable? - Does the system require reconstitution? Successful attacks Neutralized, Repelled Detected attacks Undetected attacks Figure 16. Control Life Cycle 5.2 DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE NETWORKING. The U.S. DoD is currently creating their next-generation network that has similar issues as the aircraft and NAS integration targets being addressed in this report. Section 6.3 will compare the DoD confidentiality classifications with the DO-178B software level safety classifications. Section 7 will propose extending the DO-178B and ARP 4754 safety concepts into networked environments by using the Biba Integrity Model [51 and 52]. The Biba Integrity Model is a direct analog of the Bell-LaPadula Confidentiality Model, which is used by the DoD to extend their confidentiality classifications into large system deployments such as networks. These proposed changes result in the safety extension approach that is recommended by this study for civilian aircraft, directly resembling the DoD global information grid (GIG) infrastructure, which is targeted for military aircraft. Because of this, this section provides a terse overview of how the DoD is designing their GIG. The GIG seeks to empower the DoD’s network centric operations and network centric warfare vision. The GIG comprises the DoD’s internal network of networks, which is similar in concept to the worldwide civilian Internet infrastructure. The architecture of the GIG is strongly influenced by DoD communications security (COMSEC) policies. The Bell-LaPadula Confidentiality Model forms the framework for confidentiality within U.S. DoD information processing, including the DoD’s COMSEC policy. This model creates a multilevel security system by means of mandatory access controls, labeling data at a specific classification level, and providing users’ clearances to a specific classification level. The controls ensure that users cannot read information classified at a security level higher than their own classification level, nor write information to a lower classification level, except via the controlled intervention by a trusted subject (e.g., a high-assurance guard (HAG)). 55
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DOT/FAA/AR-08/31 Air Traffic Organi
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1. Report No. DOT/FAA/AR-08/31 4. T
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5.4.2 Aircraft as a Node (MIP and M
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11.1 Findings and Recommendations 1
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22 Customer’s L3VPN Protocol Stac
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LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
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PBN PC PE PEP PFS PIB PIM-DM PIM-SM
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This report states that the primary
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1. INTRODUCTION. This is the final
Page 19 and 20: protocol (IP)-based communications.
Page 21 and 22: of linking aircraft-resident system
Page 23 and 24: Industry and governments are extrem
Page 25 and 26: 2.1 NOTIONAL NETWORKED AIRCRAFT ARC
Page 27 and 28: Other Control Sites Controller ATC
Page 29 and 30: • The security viability of curre
Page 31 and 32: alternative requires that parallel
Page 33 and 34: Aircraft network security is a syst
Page 35 and 36: 4. NETWORK RISKS. This section spec
Page 37 and 38: General Threat Identifiers FAILURE
Page 39 and 40: esources so that the required real-
Page 41 and 42: “With the rise of client-side att
Page 43 and 44: • During an 11-month period (Apri
Page 45 and 46: attempt the theft of passwords. Non
Page 47 and 48: IP networks are organized in terms
Page 49 and 50: either the user or the trusted soft
Page 51 and 52: However, the previous paragraph beg
Page 53 and 54: Table 1. Internet Engineering Task
Page 59 and 60: • Lightweight directory access pr
Page 61 and 62: mechanism to overcome the key distr
Page 63 and 64: Deployments that need to support mu
Page 65 and 66: Today’s Reality: Islands of Commu
Page 67 and 68: Simultaneously, IP addresses are al
Page 69: in-depth manner. Defense-in-depth m
Page 73 and 74: encrypted and then encapsulated wit
Page 75 and 76: Internet (grouping of autonomous sy
Page 77 and 78: via that same IP address. Specifica
Page 79 and 80: deployments. Regional flights that
Page 81 and 82: neighbor as a next hop after “Hol
Page 83 and 84: Interface Interface Customer Site S
Page 85 and 86: Interface Customer’s Application
Page 87 and 88: Although the vast majority of PBN s
Page 89 and 90: 6. RELATING SAFETY AND SECURITY FOR
Page 91 and 92: 6.1.1 Integrity. As section 4.3 ind
Page 93 and 94: As mentioned in section 4.4, the hi
Page 95 and 96: 6.1.4 Confidentiality. Confidential
Page 97 and 98: their own classification level nor
Page 99 and 100: integrity is not permitted to obser
Page 101 and 102: software has been confirmed as leve
Page 103 and 104: • Both safety and security are co
Page 105 and 106: Device at Safety level X Device at
Page 107 and 108: in a Biba Integrity Model environme
Page 109 and 110: Common Criteria Classes ACM—Confi
Page 111 and 112: (see section 9.10). A secure mechan
Page 113 and 114: employed in security-critical appli
Page 115 and 116: concept, which is needed to create
Page 117 and 118: 4. Learn from past mistakes. Poor d
Page 119 and 120: exemplar airborne network architect
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• Requirement 8: Biba Integrity M
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Figure 31 shows how the recommended
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to-live (TTL) field in the IP heade
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using the traditional dual router i
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mechanism relies upon the controlle
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HAGs are high-assurance devices tha
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8.3.5 Firewall. The firewall needs
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(AJ) or low probability of intercep
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design decisions that need to be de
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9.2 INTEGRATED MODULAR AVIONICS IMP
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9.3 USING PUBLIC IPs. The model and
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alerted the pilots because the fail
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environments. If the certification
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DSS (FIPS 186 [81]). Code signing i
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elationship with other equipment in
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approach is to keep the log informa
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11. SUMMARY. Current civilian aircr
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environments should be extended to
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12. COTS computer systems cannot be
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14. NAS and airborne network archit
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22. If SWAP considerations permit,
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11.2 TOPICS NEEDING FURTHER STUDY.
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9. Lee, Y., Rachlin, E., and Scandu
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32. Loscocco, P., Smalley, S., Muck
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59. Raisinghani, V. and Sridhar, I.
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the following is a pointer to a rel
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Department of Defense Instruction N
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Information Assurance—The Departm
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Threat source—Either (1) intent a
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information found within these data
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(HTTP) traffic (port 80), port scan
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The simple network management proto
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opportunities to crack the hosting
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authorized to perform. 13 However,
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sniffers, log-cleaning scripts, and
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A.3.1 DENIAL OF SERVICE ATTACKS. Th
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• Disclosure: Disclosure of routi
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affected by the signal intermittenc
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A-15. Barbir, A., Murphy, S., and Y
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Survey Question What is the primary
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Survey Question What is the primary
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should be emphasized that there is
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