The Effects of Road Transport on Freshwater and Marine Ecosystems

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vi MW Molecular weight N Nitrogen Na Sodium NAP Naphthalene NEIP National Environmental Indicators Programme Ni Nickel NIWA National Institute <strong>of</strong> Water and Atmospheric Research NOEL No observable effects level. NOx Nitrogen oxides (nitrogen dioxide etc.,) NPDES National Pollution Discharge Elimination System NASWM National Agenda for Sustainable Water Management NWQMN National Water Quality Monitoring Network NZ New Zealand NZCPS New Zealand Coastal Policy Statement OC Organic carbon P Phosphorous PAH Polyaromatic hydrocarbons Pb Lead Pd Paladium PEL Probable <strong>Effects</strong> Level PGMs Platinum group metals PHEN Phenanthrene Pt Platinum PYR Pyrene RBP Rapid bioassessment protocols Rh Rhodium RMA Resource Management Act 1991 Sb Antimony SEM Scanning electron microscopy Sm Samarium SO4 Sulphate SOx Sulphur oxides (e.g., sulphur dioxide etc.,) SVOC Semi-volatile organic compound TEL Threshold <strong>Effects</strong> Levels TIE Toxicity identification evaluation TKN Total Kjehdahl nitrogen TLAs Territorial local authorities TPH Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons VFECS Vehicle fleet emissions control strategy VOC Volatile organic compound VPD Vehicles per day WRC Wellington Regional Council UK United Kingdom USGS United States Geological Survey USHA Urban Stream Habitat Assessment method V Vanadium XRF X-ray fluorescence spectrometry Y Yttrium Zn Zinc
1 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 <strong>Transport</strong> and the Environment In 1996, the Ministry <strong>of</strong> <strong>Transport</strong> (MoT) released a discussion paper on environmental externalities as part <strong>of</strong> the Land <strong>Transport</strong> Pricing Study (MoT 1996). MoT (1996) reported that the contribution <strong>of</strong> road run<strong>of</strong>f to the flux <strong>of</strong> contaminants to freshwater and marine environments was unclear. <strong>Road</strong> run<strong>of</strong>f was however, considered to account for 40-50% <strong>of</strong> urban metal contamination to aquatic ecosystems. It was considered at that time that although effects on water quality and associated aquatic ecosystems was one <strong>of</strong> the key potential impact areas <strong>of</strong> road transport, research about the environmental effects <strong>of</strong> road transport on water quality was not well advanced and that this resulted in an inability to quantify the contribution that road transport made to any specific effects. MoT (1996) identified effects on water quality and associated aquatic ecosystems as one <strong>of</strong> the key impact areas <strong>of</strong> road transport. Work by the Ministry for the Environment (MfE) has subsequently identified motor vehicle emission discharges via stormwater as a key effect issue in relation to freshwater, estuaries and coastal areas. As a result, road transport effects have been identified as a specific matter to be dealt with through the Ministry’s Environmental Performance Indicators (EPI) programme. In 1998, MoT released the final report <strong>of</strong> the Vehicle Fleet Emissions Control Strategy (VFECS) (MoT 1998). <strong>The</strong> VFECS report examined the nature <strong>of</strong> exhaust emissions from the vehicle fleet and local air quality. Overall, the approach used in the VFECS was impact-based. Work by the Ministry for the Environment (MfE) has subsequently identified motor vehicle emission discharges via stormwater as a key effect issue in relation to freshwater, estuaries and coastal areas (MfE 2000). As a result, road transport effects have been identified as a specific matter to be dealt with through the Ministry’s Environmental Performance Indicators (EPI) programme. 1.2 Report Scope Internationally there have been a number <strong>of</strong> reports prepared that have reviewed the effects <strong>of</strong> road and highway run<strong>of</strong>f on aquatic ecosystems. <strong>The</strong>se include Folkeson (1994) (Sweden), Peterson & Batley (1992) and Brockbank & Batley (1996) (CSIRO for New South Wales <strong>Road</strong>s and Traffic Authority). This report examines the effects <strong>of</strong> contaminants derived from road transport on aquatic ecosystems in a New Zealand context wherever possible. <strong>The</strong> report aims to provide an overview as to what we know about the effects <strong>of</strong> the contaminants released by motor vehicles. As such, the assessment is dependent upon what we know about contaminants emitted by motor vehicles to aquatic ecosystems. It should be noted that the report does not deal with: Vehicle maintenance/repair/re-fuelling losses or road repair. <strong>The</strong> effects <strong>of</strong> contaminants derived from road transport on terrestrial ecosystems or on groundwater resources. <strong>The</strong> effects <strong>of</strong> contaminants derived from road transport on air quality. This was the subject <strong>of</strong> a separate MoT Study (refer MoT 1996, 1998). <strong>The</strong> effects <strong>of</strong> accidental losses <strong>of</strong> loads from road vehicles. <strong>The</strong> use <strong>of</strong> de-icing salts. As will be described, the stormwater from roads in most locations does not just transport the contaminants generated by motor vehicles. <strong>Road</strong>s are typically surrounded by other activities that have a significant influence on the nature <strong>of</strong> run<strong>of</strong>f from various landuses (refer Heany et al. 1999). This report provides information as part <strong>of</strong> the overall Ministry <strong>of</strong> <strong>Transport</strong> study on the effects <strong>of</strong> road transport on aquatic ecosystems. Other reports prepared as part <strong>of</strong> this study include: 84914/<strong>Transport</strong><strong>Effects</strong>.doc Kingett Mitchell Ltd Resource & Environmental Consultants
Page 1: The Effect
Page 4 and 5: Intentionally Blank ii
Page 6 and 7: ii 4.2 Particulates in Urban Run<st
Page 8 and 9: iv 7. IDENTIFICATION OF ENVIRONMENT
Page 12 and 13: 2 1. Moncrieff, I.; Kennedy, P. 200
Page 14 and 15: 4 Table 2.1 - Contaminant Source Cl
Page 16 and 17: 6 mg/kg) and Zn (25-34,500 mg/kg).
Page 18 and 19: 8 Bitumen Bitumen is produced in Ne
Page 20 and 21: 10 differences between petrol and d
Page 22 and 23: 12 on the nature of</strong
Page 24 and 25: 14 As such, available information i
Page 26 and 27: 16 An examination of</stron
Page 28 and 29: 18 Yang et al. (1999) examined the
Page 30 and 31: 20 to elevated concentrations in ty
Page 32 and 33: 22 sample of overs
Page 34 and 35: 24 suspension and that carried as b
Page 36 and 37: 26 Figure 4.1 - Variation in the co
Page 38 and 39: 28 Figure 4.2 - Variation in the co
Page 40 and 41: 30 Metal Cu Cd Pb Zn Table 4.6 - Su
Page 42 and 43: 32 probably reflect lower traffic d
Page 44 and 45: 34 (1995) provide a general review
Page 46 and 47: 36 Further data can be found in the
Page 48 and 49: 38 by ARC (1994) indicated that TPH
Page 50 and 51: 40 Cations/Anions Common ionic cons
Page 52 and 53: 42 Catchpits Between the street sur
Page 54 and 55: 44 5 PATHWAYS & FATE OF CONTAMINANT
Page 56 and 57: 46 The material wh
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50 Figure 5.1 - Percentage
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52 short (e.g., < 1 day). In water,
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54 5.4.2 Dispersion Dilution and di
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56 5.6 Summary The
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58 6.2 Freshwater Ecosystems 6.2.1
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60 General Assessment Tools Commonl
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62 3. Increasing sediment inputs. 4
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64 considered that taxa richness wa
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66 Freshwater macro-invertebrate me
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68 runoff to fish
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70 deposition, tracking of<
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72 one factor used to classify orga
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74 Zinc Measurement of</str
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76 in stormwater and receiving wate
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78 minute; sub-mitochondrial partic
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80 Toxicity tests have undertaken u
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82 High molecular weight PAHs are t
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84 Note: Sources refer Table 5.2. F
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86 Although a range of</str
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88 Bioaccumulation can be assessed
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90 Figure 6.2 - metal concentration
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92 6.5.3 Bioaccumulation of
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94 Water Stormwater quality data fr
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96 7. IDENTIFICATION OF ENVIRONMENT
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98 3. Echinoderm (Fellaster zelandi
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100 trace metals (probably Cu and Z
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102 concentrations of</stro
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104 that “concentrations
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106 A large amount of</stro
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108 A review of se
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110 Samples of man
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112 grazers such as mud flat snails
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114 8. OVERVIEW 8.1 Vehicles as sou
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116 The quality <s
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118 International studies have show
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120 A number of st
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122 construction. Center for Resear
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124 Carey, J.; Cook, P.; Ciesy, J.;
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126 Ellis, J. B. 1986: Pollutional
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128 Harrop D. O. 1984: Stormwater r
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130 Kennedy, P. C.; Kjellstrom, T.
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132 Maltby, L. A.; Boxall, D. M.; F
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134 Novotny, V.; Muehring, D.; Zito
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136 Ruck, J. 1998: Evaluation <stro
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138 Terracciano, S. A.; O’Brien,
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140 Webster, J. G.; Brown, K. L.; W
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142 10. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Thanks to
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The Effects of Road Transport on Freshwater and Marine Ecosystems

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