The Effects of Road Transport on Freshwater and Marine Ecosystems

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28 Figure 4.2 - Variation in the concentration <strong>of</strong> total and dissolved copper, zinc and lead in stormwater from the residential Kaikorai catchment in Dunedin (From Mosley & Peake 2001). As noted in relation to other aspects <strong>of</strong> the road environment, the Pb data in Table 4.5 will be a reflection <strong>of</strong> the concentration <strong>of</strong> Pb in vehicle fuel at that location at that time). Both sets <strong>of</strong> data have been collected since Pb was removed from New Zealand petrol. As such, the international data does not necessarily reflect the current concentration <strong>of</strong> Pb in stormwater at those locations. It is likely that the concentrations <strong>of</strong> other metals in fuel will have changed over time depending upon methods <strong>of</strong> refining and the source <strong>of</strong> the original petroleum. Based on Tables 4.4 and 4.5, the following comments can be made about trace elements in New Zealand urban and roadway stormwater. <strong>The</strong>re is limited data on Cd in New Zealand motorway stormwater. No published motorway or isolated roadway data appears available in New Zealand. Overseas motorway data appears typically limited by detection limits. Marsalek et al. (1997) reported a concentration <strong>of</strong> 15 mg/m 3 in bridge run<strong>of</strong>f in Ontario and Hares & Ward (1999) report similar concentrations from the M25 a high traffic volume motorway in the UK (Table 4.3). It should be noted that the 10%ile for the former study was 0.1 mg/m 3 . Work in the Netherlands by Berbee et al. (1996, 1999) has shown that Cd concentrations were in the range <strong>of</strong> 0.8 – 0.9 mg/ m 3 (n=3). This data is similar to the very low results (0.056 mg/m 3 ) reported for the Pakuranga Highway that passes through residential Pakuranga in Auckland (Table 4.2). A number <strong>of</strong> other urban stormwater studies in Auckland have also reported low Cd concentrations (Table 4.4). Copper data reported for overseas motorways is generally similar to the urban run<strong>of</strong>f data reported by ARC (1992). <strong>The</strong> more recent New Zealand ARC (unpublished) and WRC motorway studies report higher concentrations (Table 4.5). Marsalek et al. (1997) reported a mean EMC for the Skyway Bridge in Burlington, Ontario <strong>of</strong> 136 mg/m 3 . Irish et al. (1995) found copper EMCs ranging from 9 mg/m 3 for a simulated rainfall event without traffic to 49 mg/m 3 for stormwater during natural rainfall. Similar data was reported for highways in the Netherlands. Hares & Ward (1999) reported higher concentrations for run<strong>of</strong>f from the M25 in the UK (Table 4.5). <strong>The</strong>re is very little data for Cr and Ni in urban and highway run<strong>of</strong>f. However, concentrations typically reported for urban areas in New Zealand and for motorways overseas appear low (refer Table 4.5) with the exception <strong>of</strong> the data for the M25 presented by Hares & Ward (1999). It is likely that local geology (e.g., basalt influence) could influence the concentration <strong>of</strong> both elements under some circumstances. <strong>The</strong> ARC study (unpublished data) indicated that run<strong>of</strong>f from the SH1 motorway at Otahuhu (conducted in 1995-96) contained a Pb concentration <strong>of</strong> about 100 mg/m 3 . In contrast, the more recent WRC study although limited by a high detection limit (50 mg/m 3 ), indicated that concentrations appear to be lower. Two studies undertaken in Dunedin reported median lead concentrations <strong>of</strong> 20 Kingett Mitchell Ltd Resource & Environmental Consultants
29 and 34 mg/m 3 in stormwater from a predominantly residential catchment (Mosley & Peake 2001 and Brown et al. 2003). Overseas study data is variable with some recent data having relatively low concentrations <strong>of</strong> lead (e.g., Kennedy 1995, Barrett et al. 1995c, Irish et al. 1995, Hares & Ward 1999, Shinya et al. 2000). <strong>The</strong> ARC motorway data is similar to that <strong>of</strong> Marsalek et al. (1997) and Berbee et al. (1999). Marsalek (1997) reported EMC 10%ile and 90%ile concentrations <strong>of</strong> 1 and 166 mg/m 3 respectively (from a dataset <strong>of</strong> 53 events). Marsalek et al. (1997) and Berbee et al. (1999) noted that their data reflected the reductions <strong>of</strong> lead levels in petrol in Canada and the Netherlands. Lead was removed from petrol in New Zealand in 1996. <strong>The</strong>re does not appear to be any sites that were sampled for stormwater quality prior to and after the removal <strong>of</strong> lead from petrol. Given that Pb was eliminated a number <strong>of</strong> years ago the concentrations measured in New Zealand should reflect the decrease in Pb content <strong>of</strong> fuel and contributions from accumulated Pb in roadside and adjacent soils. Zinc data are available for urban run<strong>of</strong>f and motorway run<strong>of</strong>f in New Zealand. Urban run<strong>of</strong>f data collected by ARC (1992) and also by Williamson (1985) indicates that New Zealand urban run<strong>of</strong>f contains elevated concentrations <strong>of</strong> Zn. International motorway data is variable ranging from average values less than 100 mg/m 3 to a 50%ile value <strong>of</strong> 337 mg/m 3 reported by Marsalek et al. (1997). Irish et al. (1995) reported median EMC data ranging from 50 mg/m 3 for simulated rainfall without traffic to 263 mg/m 3 for a natural event (Table 4.5). Recent ARC motorway stormwater quality data has lower concentrations than residential stormwater reported in ARC (1992). Hares & Ward (1999) presented data for several elements identified in sections 2 and 3 as being emitted by motor vehicles due to their inclusion in sources such as brake pads. <strong>The</strong>y reported average concentrations <strong>of</strong> Co <strong>of</strong> 6.7 and 5.6 mg/m 3 ; Mo <strong>of</strong> 20 and 19 mg/m 3 and Sb concentrations <strong>of</strong> 8.6 and 5.8 mg/m 3 respectively for run<strong>of</strong>f from the M25 motorway at two locations. Batley et al. (1994) and Brockbank et al. (1999) reported the findings <strong>of</strong> extensive studies on two roads in Sydney - Qantas Drive and Princes Highway. <strong>The</strong> studies examined dissolved and particulate metal concentrations (rather than total concentrations) and the concentration in particulate material. As such, this data is discussed in following sections. Overall, there is a moderate body <strong>of</strong> data on total trace metal concentrations in urban and roadway run<strong>of</strong>f in New Zealand. <strong>The</strong> available/published data has been reviewed in several publications (e.g., ARC 1992, Williamson 1995). Motorway stormwater quality data appears available from only two studies in New Zealand and that data is however limited both in extent and in quality. Specific studies in New Zealand have provided information on the variability in trace element concentrations through storm events. <strong>The</strong>re is insufficient data in New Zealand to provide any comment on the concentration <strong>of</strong> the elements Cr and Ni in stormwater with certainty. Currently (2003) extensive stormwater sampling is being undertaken by NIWA in Auckland City as part <strong>of</strong> stormwater network consents research programmes for Metrowater/Auckland City. As more <strong>of</strong> this data becomes available it will provide a substantial addition to the available data on stormwater quality in New Zealand. <strong>The</strong> data will also assist in the determination <strong>of</strong> source contributions. 4.3.2 Dissolved Metals Metals are distributed between dissolved (as defined by filtration using a 0.45 µm filter) and particulate phases in stormwater. <strong>The</strong> proportion dissolved is element specific and generally consistent between studies. Table 4.6 summarises the results <strong>of</strong> dissolved and acid soluble metal measurements <strong>of</strong> stormwater samples carried out a number <strong>of</strong> studies undertaken in New Zealand over the last 10 years. Table 4.7 summarises other data for motorways. Kingett Mitchell Ltd Resource & Environmental Consultants
Page 1: The Effect
Page 4 and 5: Intentionally Blank ii
Page 6 and 7: ii 4.2 Particulates in Urban Run<st
Page 8 and 9: iv 7. IDENTIFICATION OF ENVIRONMENT
Page 10 and 11: vi MW Molecular weight N Nitrogen N
Page 12 and 13: 2 1. Moncrieff, I.; Kennedy, P. 200
Page 14 and 15: 4 Table 2.1 - Contaminant Source Cl
Page 16 and 17: 6 mg/kg) and Zn (25-34,500 mg/kg).
Page 18 and 19: 8 Bitumen Bitumen is produced in Ne
Page 20 and 21: 10 differences between petrol and d
Page 22 and 23: 12 on the nature of</strong
Page 24 and 25: 14 As such, available information i
Page 26 and 27: 16 An examination of</stron
Page 28 and 29: 18 Yang et al. (1999) examined the
Page 30 and 31: 20 to elevated concentrations in ty
Page 32 and 33: 22 sample of overs
Page 34 and 35: 24 suspension and that carried as b
Page 36 and 37: 26 Figure 4.1 - Variation in the co
Page 40 and 41: 30 Metal Cu Cd Pb Zn Table 4.6 - Su
Page 42 and 43: 32 probably reflect lower traffic d
Page 44 and 45: 34 (1995) provide a general review
Page 46 and 47: 36 Further data can be found in the
Page 48 and 49: 38 by ARC (1994) indicated that TPH
Page 50 and 51: 40 Cations/Anions Common ionic cons
Page 52 and 53: 42 Catchpits Between the street sur
Page 54 and 55: 44 5 PATHWAYS & FATE OF CONTAMINANT
Page 56 and 57: 46 The material wh
Page 58 and 59: 48 crystalline species present were
Page 60 and 61: 50 Figure 5.1 - Percentage
Page 62 and 63: 52 short (e.g., < 1 day). In water,
Page 64 and 65: 54 5.4.2 Dispersion Dilution and di
Page 66 and 67: 56 5.6 Summary The
Page 68 and 69: 58 6.2 Freshwater Ecosystems 6.2.1
Page 70 and 71: 60 General Assessment Tools Commonl
Page 72 and 73: 62 3. Increasing sediment inputs. 4
Page 74 and 75: 64 considered that taxa richness wa
Page 76 and 77: 66 Freshwater macro-invertebrate me
Page 78 and 79: 68 runoff to fish
Page 80 and 81: 70 deposition, tracking of<
Page 82 and 83: 72 one factor used to classify orga
Page 84 and 85: 74 Zinc Measurement of</str
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78 minute; sub-mitochondrial partic
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80 Toxicity tests have undertaken u
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82 High molecular weight PAHs are t
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84 Note: Sources refer Table 5.2. F
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86 Although a range of</str
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88 Bioaccumulation can be assessed
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90 Figure 6.2 - metal concentration
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92 6.5.3 Bioaccumulation of
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94 Water Stormwater quality data fr
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96 7. IDENTIFICATION OF ENVIRONMENT
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98 3. Echinoderm (Fellaster zelandi
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100 trace metals (probably Cu and Z
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102 concentrations of</stro
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104 that “concentrations
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106 A large amount of</stro
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108 A review of se
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110 Samples of man
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112 grazers such as mud flat snails
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114 8. OVERVIEW 8.1 Vehicles as sou
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116 The quality <s
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118 International studies have show
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120 A number of st
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122 construction. Center for Resear
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124 Carey, J.; Cook, P.; Ciesy, J.;
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126 Ellis, J. B. 1986: Pollutional
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128 Harrop D. O. 1984: Stormwater r
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130 Kennedy, P. C.; Kjellstrom, T.
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132 Maltby, L. A.; Boxall, D. M.; F
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134 Novotny, V.; Muehring, D.; Zito
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136 Ruck, J. 1998: Evaluation <stro
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138 Terracciano, S. A.; O’Brien,
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140 Webster, J. G.; Brown, K. L.; W
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142 10. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Thanks to
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The Effects of Road Transport on Freshwater and Marine Ecosystems

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