The Effects of Road Transport on Freshwater and Marine Ecosystems

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16 An examination <strong>of</strong> the international and New Zealand gutter dust chemistry data shows that the three most commonly identified contaminants are copper (Cu), lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn). Increases in the concentration <strong>of</strong> cadmium (Cd) are also reported. <strong>The</strong>se increases are not unexpected given the available sources <strong>of</strong> these contaminants on roadways. A range <strong>of</strong> other trace and major elements will be present in street and gutter dusts due to the wide range <strong>of</strong> elements present in the general urban environment and released from motor vehicles (Refer Kennedy 2003). <strong>The</strong> concentrations <strong>of</strong> these elements will depend upon the overall contribution from sources on motor vehicles relative to other sources. It is evident from the available data on street dusts that a number <strong>of</strong> elements are present in road dusts and sediments in higher concentrations than would be expected naturally. A number <strong>of</strong> these are associated with various motor vehicle emission sources (refer Section 2). Apart from the more common elements such as Fe, Pb, Cr, Ni, Cu, Cd those elements present in higher concentrations than background include antimony and molybdenum. Table 3.5 - Selected international gutter dust metal concentrations (all data mg/kg dry weight unless noted). Element Brockbank et al. (1999) Lau & Stenstrom Li et al. Yim & Nau (2001) (2001) Mascot, Gymnea, Los Angeles Hong Sydney Sydney Kong Cadmium 0.4-1.3 0.2-1.2 1 (5)* 3.77 7.6 Copper 97-280 51-330 236 (221) 173 635 Chromium - - 29 (47) - - Iron % 1.6-2.9 2.6-3.4 - - - Lead 230-1600 520-1600 144 (349) 181 1,287 Manganese 220-450 230-340 - - - Nickel - - 26 (64) - - Zinc 440-850 300-560 367 (974) 1,450 2,902 Notes: * - whole sample and (
17 organic compound contaminants in gutter dusts encompass a wide range <strong>of</strong> compounds such as pesticides that are used in urban environments. <strong>The</strong>se compounds may reach roadways via atmospheric deposition and overland run<strong>of</strong>f. ARC (1992) reported on the concentration <strong>of</strong> polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and a range <strong>of</strong> organochlorine compounds in road gutter dusts from Pakuranga and Southdown. <strong>The</strong> data presented in ARC (1992) comprised information on PAHs in a series <strong>of</strong> particle size separates. <strong>The</strong> concentrations measured in the two finest particle size fractions are presented in Table 3.4. PAH concentrations were dominated by fluoranthene, pyrene and chrysene/benz[a]anthracene which made up about 65% <strong>of</strong> the nine PAHs examined. Table 3.4 provides comparative data on the concentration <strong>of</strong> PAHs in road edge soil adjacent to a major road in Brisbane with 35,600 VPD (Yang et al. 1991) and PAH concentrations in road dust fractions from Santa Monica, California and Germany (Lau & Strenstrom 2001 and Krein & Schorer 2000). Concentrations were generally similar between the studies. Table 3.4 - Summary <strong>of</strong> PAH concentrations in road gutter dust fractions (all data µg/kg, dry weight). Location Olwiger Bach Germany 4 Size Fraction (mm)
Page 1: The Effect
Page 4 and 5: Intentionally Blank ii
Page 6 and 7: ii 4.2 Particulates in Urban Run<st
Page 8 and 9: iv 7. IDENTIFICATION OF ENVIRONMENT
Page 10 and 11: vi MW Molecular weight N Nitrogen N
Page 12 and 13: 2 1. Moncrieff, I.; Kennedy, P. 200
Page 14 and 15: 4 Table 2.1 - Contaminant Source Cl
Page 16 and 17: 6 mg/kg) and Zn (25-34,500 mg/kg).
Page 18 and 19: 8 Bitumen Bitumen is produced in Ne
Page 20 and 21: 10 differences between petrol and d
Page 22 and 23: 12 on the nature of</strong
Page 24 and 25: 14 As such, available information i
Page 28 and 29: 18 Yang et al. (1999) examined the
Page 30 and 31: 20 to elevated concentrations in ty
Page 32 and 33: 22 sample of overs
Page 34 and 35: 24 suspension and that carried as b
Page 36 and 37: 26 Figure 4.1 - Variation in the co
Page 38 and 39: 28 Figure 4.2 - Variation in the co
Page 40 and 41: 30 Metal Cu Cd Pb Zn Table 4.6 - Su
Page 42 and 43: 32 probably reflect lower traffic d
Page 44 and 45: 34 (1995) provide a general review
Page 46 and 47: 36 Further data can be found in the
Page 48 and 49: 38 by ARC (1994) indicated that TPH
Page 50 and 51: 40 Cations/Anions Common ionic cons
Page 52 and 53: 42 Catchpits Between the street sur
Page 54 and 55: 44 5 PATHWAYS & FATE OF CONTAMINANT
Page 56 and 57: 46 The material wh
Page 58 and 59: 48 crystalline species present were
Page 60 and 61: 50 Figure 5.1 - Percentage
Page 62 and 63: 52 short (e.g., < 1 day). In water,
Page 64 and 65: 54 5.4.2 Dispersion Dilution and di
Page 66 and 67: 56 5.6 Summary The
Page 68 and 69: 58 6.2 Freshwater Ecosystems 6.2.1
Page 70 and 71: 60 General Assessment Tools Commonl
Page 72 and 73: 62 3. Increasing sediment inputs. 4
Page 74 and 75: 64 considered that taxa richness wa
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66 Freshwater macro-invertebrate me
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68 runoff to fish
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70 deposition, tracking of<
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72 one factor used to classify orga
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74 Zinc Measurement of</str
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76 in stormwater and receiving wate
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78 minute; sub-mitochondrial partic
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80 Toxicity tests have undertaken u
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82 High molecular weight PAHs are t
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84 Note: Sources refer Table 5.2. F
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86 Although a range of</str
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88 Bioaccumulation can be assessed
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90 Figure 6.2 - metal concentration
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92 6.5.3 Bioaccumulation of
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94 Water Stormwater quality data fr
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96 7. IDENTIFICATION OF ENVIRONMENT
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98 3. Echinoderm (Fellaster zelandi
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100 trace metals (probably Cu and Z
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102 concentrations of</stro
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104 that “concentrations
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106 A large amount of</stro
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108 A review of se
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110 Samples of man
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112 grazers such as mud flat snails
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114 8. OVERVIEW 8.1 Vehicles as sou
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116 The quality <s
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118 International studies have show
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120 A number of st
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122 construction. Center for Resear
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124 Carey, J.; Cook, P.; Ciesy, J.;
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126 Ellis, J. B. 1986: Pollutional
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128 Harrop D. O. 1984: Stormwater r
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130 Kennedy, P. C.; Kjellstrom, T.
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132 Maltby, L. A.; Boxall, D. M.; F
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134 Novotny, V.; Muehring, D.; Zito
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136 Ruck, J. 1998: Evaluation <stro
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138 Terracciano, S. A.; O’Brien,
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140 Webster, J. G.; Brown, K. L.; W
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142 10. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Thanks to
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