The Effects of Road Transport on Freshwater and Marine Ecosystems

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72 one factor used to classify organic compounds emitted by vehicles as contaminants <strong>of</strong> potential concern (COPC) in relation to potential environmental effects. 6.3.3.3 Stormwater Quality and Toxicity In assessing the potential for adverse effects to arise from the discharge <strong>of</strong> stormwater to freshwater, resource managers would in the first instance compare available stormwater data with the water guidelines (Table 6.3) identified in the previous sections (e.g., the EMC data in Tables 4.5 to 4.7). <strong>The</strong>re is a relatively significant body <strong>of</strong> stormwater quality data with which this comparison can be made. Cadmium For cadmium, most stormwater data has not been obtained using sufficiently sensitive analytical techniques. Cadmium concentrations in motorway run<strong>of</strong>f obtained using strong acid digestion are <strong>of</strong>ten reported as exceeding USEPA acute criteria and the ANZECC (2000) trigger. Data such as that reported by ARC (1992) are lower than the USEPA chronic criteria <strong>of</strong> 0.38 mg/m 3 at a hardness <strong>of</strong> 25 g/m 3 and the ANZECC (2000) trigger <strong>of</strong> 0.2 mg/m 3 . Although some reported data indicates that Cd concentrations in road run<strong>of</strong>f might exceed chronic criteria and triggers, work such as that <strong>of</strong> ARC (1992) suggests that it is likely that most road run<strong>of</strong>f in New Zealand would not exceed the cadmium criteria. Copper Dissolved copper concentrations in motorway and road run<strong>of</strong>f (in New Zealand and overseas) exceed USEPA acute and chronic criteria and ANZECC (2000) triggers (Tables 4.5-4.7). Comparison <strong>of</strong> dissolved copper concentrations in New Zealand stormwater run<strong>of</strong>f and motorway run<strong>of</strong>f (refer Table 4.7) shows that ANZECC (2000) trigger values are exceeded in urban stormwater run<strong>of</strong>f. Figure 6.1 from Timperley (2002) illustrates the range in concentration versus the ANZECC (2000) trigger (for 95% protection). Timperley (2002) has also shown that the concentrations are much higher in the first flush <strong>of</strong> urban stormwater. Work by NIWA (Webster 2000) examined the influence <strong>of</strong> DOM on the bioavailability (toxicity) <strong>of</strong> dissolved metals. <strong>The</strong> complexing ability <strong>of</strong> stormwater/stream waters is dependent upon the availability <strong>of</strong> DOM. In catchments with negligible riparian vegetation there appears to be little complexing ability. Increased inputs <strong>of</strong> DOM (e.g., humic and fulvic acids) result in greater ability to complex metals such as Cu. In streams with a good supply <strong>of</strong> DOM, much <strong>of</strong> the dissolved Cu may be complexed. This may mean that dissolved Cu in stormwater leaving roads entering streams and drains may become complexed by DOM if there is sufficient present. Webster (2000) also noted that the complexing ability is not directly related to the amount <strong>of</strong> DOC present as the source/composition <strong>of</strong> the DOC may change. Initial work reported by Webster (2000) also showed that DOM from different plants has different abilities to complex metals. Overall, although concentrations <strong>of</strong> dissolved Cu in stormwater and urban stream water may exceed ANZECC (2000) triggers, the significance may vary depending upon local water chemistry. Where there is a sufficient supply <strong>of</strong> DOM, the dissolved copper may be complexed reducing its potential toxicity. Lead Initial examination <strong>of</strong> stormwater Pb data (e.g., the motorway data in Table 4.5) indicates that the concentrations are well above USEPA acute and chronic criteria and ANZECC (2000) triggers. However as described earlier in this report most Pb is present in the particulate phase. <strong>The</strong> higher concentrations <strong>of</strong> Pb in the data tables are typically the result <strong>of</strong> analysis undertaken at times or in locations where Pb was or is still used in petrol. In addition, the Pb presented in some studies may also be the result <strong>of</strong> poor analytical detection limits. Recent data for stormwater from roads in New Kingett Mitchell Ltd Resource & Environmental Consultants
73 Zealand has shown that the dissolved concentrations are at or
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The Effect
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Intentionally Blank ii
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ii 4.2 Particulates in Urban Run<st
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iv 7. IDENTIFICATION OF ENVIRONMENT
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vi MW Molecular weight N Nitrogen N
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2 1. Moncrieff, I.; Kennedy, P. 200
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4 Table 2.1 - Contaminant Source Cl
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6 mg/kg) and Zn (25-34,500 mg/kg).
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8 Bitumen Bitumen is produced in Ne
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10 differences between petrol and d
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12 on the nature of</strong
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14 As such, available information i
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16 An examination of</stron
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18 Yang et al. (1999) examined the
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20 to elevated concentrations in ty
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Page 36 and 37: 26 Figure 4.1 - Variation in the co
Page 38 and 39: 28 Figure 4.2 - Variation in the co
Page 40 and 41: 30 Metal Cu Cd Pb Zn Table 4.6 - Su
Page 42 and 43: 32 probably reflect lower traffic d
Page 44 and 45: 34 (1995) provide a general review
Page 46 and 47: 36 Further data can be found in the
Page 48 and 49: 38 by ARC (1994) indicated that TPH
Page 50 and 51: 40 Cations/Anions Common ionic cons
Page 52 and 53: 42 Catchpits Between the street sur
Page 54 and 55: 44 5 PATHWAYS & FATE OF CONTAMINANT
Page 56 and 57: 46 The material wh
Page 58 and 59: 48 crystalline species present were
Page 60 and 61: 50 Figure 5.1 - Percentage
Page 62 and 63: 52 short (e.g., < 1 day). In water,
Page 64 and 65: 54 5.4.2 Dispersion Dilution and di
Page 66 and 67: 56 5.6 Summary The
Page 68 and 69: 58 6.2 Freshwater Ecosystems 6.2.1
Page 70 and 71: 60 General Assessment Tools Commonl
Page 72 and 73: 62 3. Increasing sediment inputs. 4
Page 74 and 75: 64 considered that taxa richness wa
Page 76 and 77: 66 Freshwater macro-invertebrate me
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Page 80 and 81: 70 deposition, tracking of<
Page 84 and 85: 74 Zinc Measurement of</str
Page 86 and 87: 76 in stormwater and receiving wate
Page 88 and 89: 78 minute; sub-mitochondrial partic
Page 90 and 91: 80 Toxicity tests have undertaken u
Page 92 and 93: 82 High molecular weight PAHs are t
Page 94 and 95: 84 Note: Sources refer Table 5.2. F
Page 96 and 97: 86 Although a range of</str
Page 98 and 99: 88 Bioaccumulation can be assessed
Page 100 and 101: 90 Figure 6.2 - metal concentration
Page 102 and 103: 92 6.5.3 Bioaccumulation of
Page 104 and 105: 94 Water Stormwater quality data fr
Page 106 and 107: 96 7. IDENTIFICATION OF ENVIRONMENT
Page 108 and 109: 98 3. Echinoderm (Fellaster zelandi
Page 110 and 111: 100 trace metals (probably Cu and Z
Page 112 and 113: 102 concentrations of</stro
Page 114 and 115: 104 that “concentrations
Page 116 and 117: 106 A large amount of</stro
Page 118 and 119: 108 A review of se
Page 120 and 121: 110 Samples of man
Page 122 and 123: 112 grazers such as mud flat snails
Page 124 and 125: 114 8. OVERVIEW 8.1 Vehicles as sou
Page 126 and 127: 116 The quality <s
Page 128 and 129: 118 International studies have show
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122 construction. Center for Resear
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124 Carey, J.; Cook, P.; Ciesy, J.;
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126 Ellis, J. B. 1986: Pollutional
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128 Harrop D. O. 1984: Stormwater r
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130 Kennedy, P. C.; Kjellstrom, T.
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132 Maltby, L. A.; Boxall, D. M.; F
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134 Novotny, V.; Muehring, D.; Zito
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136 Ruck, J. 1998: Evaluation <stro
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138 Terracciano, S. A.; O’Brien,
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140 Webster, J. G.; Brown, K. L.; W
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142 10. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Thanks to
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The Effects of Road Transport on Freshwater and Marine Ecosystems

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