The Effects of Road Transport on Freshwater and Marine Ecosystems

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30 Metal Cu Cd Pb Zn Table 4.6 - Summary <strong>of</strong> dissolved metal concentrations in urban run<strong>of</strong>f in New Zealand and overseas (all data mg/m 3 ). Acid Dissolved % Dissolved N Acid Dissolved % Dissolved N Acid Dissolved % Dissolved N Acid Dissolved % Dissolved Pakuranga Auckland Halswell Junction Kaikorai Valley Dunedin Portabello Rd Dunedin Rotorua City Res Ind/Comm Res Mixed Res Comm Ind 13 29 21.9 27 13.3 8.9 30.6 3.2 9 9.7 9 4.1 5 10.2 24.6 31 44.3 33.3 30.8 56.2 33.3 13 3 - - 5 4 4 0.056 0.018 32.1 13 86 0.21 0.2 13,7 (Diss) 330, 275 170, 113 51.5, 39.6 13, 5-7 N Ref. ARC (1992, 1994) Note: N = Number <strong>of</strong> samples - - - - 26
31 <strong>The</strong> authors concluded from their work that 42% <strong>of</strong> the Zn was in the dissolved phase and 28% <strong>of</strong> the total Cu was dissolved. Comparing the Timperley et al. (2003) estimates with the New Zealand data in Tables 4.6 and 4.7 shows that for Cu, the results agree very well. <strong>The</strong> two other Auckland studies reported 24.6 and 21% dissolved and the three South Island studies and the Rotorua study reported 30.8-56.2% dissolved. For Zn the results also agree well. <strong>The</strong> two other Auckland studies report dissolve percentages that ranged from 39.6-51.5% and the South Island and Rotorua studies 45.9- 70.9%. <strong>The</strong> early work by ARC (1992) (which utilised ‘clean’ techniques for some <strong>of</strong> the sampling and analysis undertaken) concluded that, a very low proportion <strong>of</strong> the lead was dissolved (
Page 1: The Effect
Page 4 and 5: Intentionally Blank ii
Page 6 and 7: ii 4.2 Particulates in Urban Run<st
Page 8 and 9: iv 7. IDENTIFICATION OF ENVIRONMENT
Page 10 and 11: vi MW Molecular weight N Nitrogen N
Page 12 and 13: 2 1. Moncrieff, I.; Kennedy, P. 200
Page 14 and 15: 4 Table 2.1 - Contaminant Source Cl
Page 16 and 17: 6 mg/kg) and Zn (25-34,500 mg/kg).
Page 18 and 19: 8 Bitumen Bitumen is produced in Ne
Page 20 and 21: 10 differences between petrol and d
Page 22 and 23: 12 on the nature of</strong
Page 24 and 25: 14 As such, available information i
Page 26 and 27: 16 An examination of</stron
Page 28 and 29: 18 Yang et al. (1999) examined the
Page 30 and 31: 20 to elevated concentrations in ty
Page 32 and 33: 22 sample of overs
Page 34 and 35: 24 suspension and that carried as b
Page 36 and 37: 26 Figure 4.1 - Variation in the co
Page 38 and 39: 28 Figure 4.2 - Variation in the co
Page 42 and 43: 32 probably reflect lower traffic d
Page 44 and 45: 34 (1995) provide a general review
Page 46 and 47: 36 Further data can be found in the
Page 48 and 49: 38 by ARC (1994) indicated that TPH
Page 50 and 51: 40 Cations/Anions Common ionic cons
Page 52 and 53: 42 Catchpits Between the street sur
Page 54 and 55: 44 5 PATHWAYS & FATE OF CONTAMINANT
Page 56 and 57: 46 The material wh
Page 58 and 59: 48 crystalline species present were
Page 60 and 61: 50 Figure 5.1 - Percentage
Page 62 and 63: 52 short (e.g., < 1 day). In water,
Page 64 and 65: 54 5.4.2 Dispersion Dilution and di
Page 66 and 67: 56 5.6 Summary The
Page 68 and 69: 58 6.2 Freshwater Ecosystems 6.2.1
Page 70 and 71: 60 General Assessment Tools Commonl
Page 72 and 73: 62 3. Increasing sediment inputs. 4
Page 74 and 75: 64 considered that taxa richness wa
Page 76 and 77: 66 Freshwater macro-invertebrate me
Page 78 and 79: 68 runoff to fish
Page 80 and 81: 70 deposition, tracking of<
Page 82 and 83: 72 one factor used to classify orga
Page 84 and 85: 74 Zinc Measurement of</str
Page 86 and 87: 76 in stormwater and receiving wate
Page 88 and 89: 78 minute; sub-mitochondrial partic
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80 Toxicity tests have undertaken u
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82 High molecular weight PAHs are t
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84 Note: Sources refer Table 5.2. F
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86 Although a range of</str
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88 Bioaccumulation can be assessed
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90 Figure 6.2 - metal concentration
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92 6.5.3 Bioaccumulation of
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94 Water Stormwater quality data fr
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96 7. IDENTIFICATION OF ENVIRONMENT
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98 3. Echinoderm (Fellaster zelandi
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100 trace metals (probably Cu and Z
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102 concentrations of</stro
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104 that “concentrations
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106 A large amount of</stro
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108 A review of se
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110 Samples of man
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112 grazers such as mud flat snails
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114 8. OVERVIEW 8.1 Vehicles as sou
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116 The quality <s
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118 International studies have show
Page 130 and 131:
120 A number of st
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122 construction. Center for Resear
Page 134 and 135:
124 Carey, J.; Cook, P.; Ciesy, J.;
Page 136 and 137:
126 Ellis, J. B. 1986: Pollutional
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128 Harrop D. O. 1984: Stormwater r
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130 Kennedy, P. C.; Kjellstrom, T.
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132 Maltby, L. A.; Boxall, D. M.; F
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134 Novotny, V.; Muehring, D.; Zito
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136 Ruck, J. 1998: Evaluation <stro
Page 148 and 149:
138 Terracciano, S. A.; O’Brien,
Page 150 and 151:
140 Webster, J. G.; Brown, K. L.; W
Page 152:
142 10. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Thanks to
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The Effects of Road Transport on Freshwater and Marine Ecosystems

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