The Effects of Road Transport on Freshwater and Marine Ecosystems

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8 Bitumen Bitumen is produced in New Zealand at the Marsden Point Refinery and its composition will reflect the source <strong>of</strong> the crude oil from which it was derived (the source changes over time). <strong>The</strong> concentration <strong>of</strong> elements such as Hg, Ni, V and Zn vary considerably between crude oils. Shaheen (1975) reported data on the concentration <strong>of</strong> metals in bitumen including Cr (350 mg/kg), Cu (50 mg/kg), Ni (up to 1,200 mg/kg), Zn (164 mg/kg). Lindgren (1996) reported lower concentrations <strong>of</strong> trace elements in a bitumen binder (identified as B180). Nickel, chromium and zinc were present at
9 2.4.3 Brake Pads Brake pads contain a complex range <strong>of</strong> organic compounds as a result <strong>of</strong> the inclusion <strong>of</strong> a range <strong>of</strong> resins, binders and fillers in the pads. <strong>The</strong> general composition <strong>of</strong> pads is provided by Kennedy et al. (2002). Specific information is available on the concentration <strong>of</strong> some key organic compounds based upon the examination <strong>of</strong> a limited number <strong>of</strong> New Zealand brake pad samples (Gadd & Kennedy 2000). Key organic compound groups present include phenols, phthalates, amines and amides and benzothiazoles amongst others. 2.4.4 Tyres Tyres are composed <strong>of</strong> synthetic and natural rubbers. Kennedy et al. (2002) provides information on the general composition <strong>of</strong> tyres and reviews what is known about the composition <strong>of</strong> tyres in New Zealand and overseas. <strong>The</strong> New Zealand tyre information comes from analytical data presented in Gadd & Kennedy (2000). That data showed that tyre particulates are dominated by n-alkanes and alkanoic acids and natural resins. PAHs are relatively important constituents with other compound groups such as benzothiazoles, aromatic and heterocyclic amines and phenols also contributing significantly. 2.4.5 <strong>Road</strong> surface wear Most road surfaces in New Zealand are composed <strong>of</strong> bitumen (and aggregate). Kennedy et al. (2002) provide background information on the nature <strong>of</strong> road surfaces in New Zealand and summarise the results <strong>of</strong> bitumen analysis presented in Gadd & Kenendy (2000). Bitumen is dominated by n-alkanes with the bulk being >C 29 . Bitumen and asphalt contains a range <strong>of</strong> biological markers. <strong>The</strong>se compounds include terpanes which comprise cyclic compounds such as hopanes and steranes. Bitumen contains PAHs but typically only at low concentrations. Total PAH concentrations appear to be in the order <strong>of</strong> 10 mg/kg with concentrations <strong>of</strong> many individual PAHs being in the range 1-3 mg/kg. Concentrations <strong>of</strong> organic compounds are low with a nominal concentration <strong>of</strong> 10 mg/kg <strong>of</strong> total PAH identified (Gadd & Kennedy 2000). Takada et al. (1990) found that the PAH concentration <strong>of</strong> asphalt was found to be lower than that measured in Tokyo street dusts. 2.5 Summary Motor vehicles are relatively complex emissions sources. Firstly they comprise multiple sources with their own contaminant signatures (tyres; brake pad wear; exhaust emissions; oil, grease and collant losses etc.,). Secondly for many <strong>of</strong> the sources there is considerable variability in the contaminants emitted and the amount emitted as there are a large number <strong>of</strong> different manufacturers involved in the production <strong>of</strong> motor vehicles and their parts. For some emission sources there are hundreds <strong>of</strong> different types <strong>of</strong> a particular component many <strong>of</strong> which have different contaminant signatures. This results in potential for considerable variation between countries and over time in contaminant emissions from some sources For inorganic contaminants (e.g., the trace elements including the heavy metals), there is a reasonable understanding <strong>of</strong> what elements are present in the sources and in emissions. <strong>The</strong>re is a degree <strong>of</strong> uncertainty in relation to the variability <strong>of</strong> some elements that are key constituents <strong>of</strong> some sources (e.g., Cu in brake pads). This uncertainty arises because <strong>of</strong> the variation in brake pad specifications between manufacturers. <strong>The</strong>re is less information on the variability in the concentration <strong>of</strong> some elements for whose presence in emission sources has only relatively recently been confirmed. For organic compounds there is a less clear picture as to what is emitted from the various emission sources. For exhaust emissions, there is a large body <strong>of</strong> published research data that examines the Kingett Mitchell Ltd Resource & Environmental Consultants
Page 1: The Effect
Page 4 and 5: Intentionally Blank ii
Page 6 and 7: ii 4.2 Particulates in Urban Run<st
Page 8 and 9: iv 7. IDENTIFICATION OF ENVIRONMENT
Page 10 and 11: vi MW Molecular weight N Nitrogen N
Page 12 and 13: 2 1. Moncrieff, I.; Kennedy, P. 200
Page 14 and 15: 4 Table 2.1 - Contaminant Source Cl
Page 16 and 17: 6 mg/kg) and Zn (25-34,500 mg/kg).
Page 20 and 21: 10 differences between petrol and d
Page 22 and 23: 12 on the nature of</strong
Page 24 and 25: 14 As such, available information i
Page 26 and 27: 16 An examination of</stron
Page 28 and 29: 18 Yang et al. (1999) examined the
Page 30 and 31: 20 to elevated concentrations in ty
Page 32 and 33: 22 sample of overs
Page 34 and 35: 24 suspension and that carried as b
Page 36 and 37: 26 Figure 4.1 - Variation in the co
Page 38 and 39: 28 Figure 4.2 - Variation in the co
Page 40 and 41: 30 Metal Cu Cd Pb Zn Table 4.6 - Su
Page 42 and 43: 32 probably reflect lower traffic d
Page 44 and 45: 34 (1995) provide a general review
Page 46 and 47: 36 Further data can be found in the
Page 48 and 49: 38 by ARC (1994) indicated that TPH
Page 50 and 51: 40 Cations/Anions Common ionic cons
Page 52 and 53: 42 Catchpits Between the street sur
Page 54 and 55: 44 5 PATHWAYS & FATE OF CONTAMINANT
Page 56 and 57: 46 The material wh
Page 58 and 59: 48 crystalline species present were
Page 60 and 61: 50 Figure 5.1 - Percentage
Page 62 and 63: 52 short (e.g., < 1 day). In water,
Page 64 and 65: 54 5.4.2 Dispersion Dilution and di
Page 66 and 67: 56 5.6 Summary The
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58 6.2 Freshwater Ecosystems 6.2.1
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60 General Assessment Tools Commonl
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62 3. Increasing sediment inputs. 4
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64 considered that taxa richness wa
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66 Freshwater macro-invertebrate me
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68 runoff to fish
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70 deposition, tracking of<
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72 one factor used to classify orga
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74 Zinc Measurement of</str
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76 in stormwater and receiving wate
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78 minute; sub-mitochondrial partic
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80 Toxicity tests have undertaken u
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82 High molecular weight PAHs are t
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84 Note: Sources refer Table 5.2. F
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86 Although a range of</str
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88 Bioaccumulation can be assessed
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90 Figure 6.2 - metal concentration
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92 6.5.3 Bioaccumulation of
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94 Water Stormwater quality data fr
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96 7. IDENTIFICATION OF ENVIRONMENT
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98 3. Echinoderm (Fellaster zelandi
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100 trace metals (probably Cu and Z
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102 concentrations of</stro
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104 that “concentrations
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106 A large amount of</stro
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108 A review of se
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110 Samples of man
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112 grazers such as mud flat snails
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114 8. OVERVIEW 8.1 Vehicles as sou
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116 The quality <s
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118 International studies have show
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120 A number of st
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122 construction. Center for Resear
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124 Carey, J.; Cook, P.; Ciesy, J.;
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126 Ellis, J. B. 1986: Pollutional
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128 Harrop D. O. 1984: Stormwater r
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130 Kennedy, P. C.; Kjellstrom, T.
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132 Maltby, L. A.; Boxall, D. M.; F
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134 Novotny, V.; Muehring, D.; Zito
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136 Ruck, J. 1998: Evaluation <stro
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138 Terracciano, S. A.; O’Brien,
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140 Webster, J. G.; Brown, K. L.; W
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142 10. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Thanks to
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The Effects of Road Transport on Freshwater and Marine Ecosystems

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