The Effects of Road Transport on Freshwater and Marine Ecosystems

More documents

Recommendations

Info

36 Further data can be found in the Sydney studies <strong>of</strong> Brockbank et al. (1999) who reported total PAH concentrations <strong>of</strong> 3.9 mg/m 3 in stormwater at Qantas Drive and 8.9 and 9.4 mg/m 3 in stormwater from the Princes Drive. It was considered by the authors that the total PAH concentrations may have been affected by aircraft emissions and deposition <strong>of</strong> material from bush fires which were widespread at the time sampling was undertaken on the Princes Highway. PAHs are present in urban run<strong>of</strong>f and in the run<strong>of</strong>f from motorways and roads uninfluenced by general urban activity. Although, there is limited published data on PAHs in urban run<strong>of</strong>f in New Zealand, the New Zealand data is within the range <strong>of</strong> data reported in the international literature. As the New Zealand data is either incomplete or at the lower end <strong>of</strong> the typical range, it is considered that PAHs are likely to be present in New Zealand motorway run<strong>of</strong>f at similar concentrations to those reported by Marsalek et al. (1997). Although, the international published PAH concentration data presented here is limited in extent, the median total PAH concentrations are typically around 2.3 mg/m 3 . (0.676, 0.796, 1.281, 2.351, 2.291, 2.8, 3.05, 3.2 mg/m 3 ). 4.4.4 Other SVOCs A wide range <strong>of</strong> SVOCs are present in general urban stormwater (Makepeace et al. 1995). This is not surprising given the large number <strong>of</strong> SVOCs that are used in urban environments and present in soils within urban areas. As the sediments in street gutters contain a range <strong>of</strong> SVOCs such as organochlorine pesticides and PCBs, it would be expected that road run<strong>of</strong>f would contain a range <strong>of</strong> measurable SVOCs associated with transported particles. <strong>The</strong>re appears to be little information on the concentration <strong>of</strong> SVOCs other than PAHs (discussed above) in road run<strong>of</strong>f that can be attributed to the use <strong>of</strong> motor vehicles on roads. An indirect approach can be taken to identify whether there are any other SVOCs present that have the potential to have adverse effects when discharged to the environment. <strong>The</strong>re have been a number <strong>of</strong> studies undertaken that have examined the presence <strong>of</strong> SVOCs in motor vehicle emissions or indirectly through the examination <strong>of</strong> source <strong>of</strong> the emissions. Gadd & Kennedy (2000) examined the SVOCs present in a small selection <strong>of</strong> tyres and brake pads present used in New Zealand. <strong>The</strong> organic contaminants identified in that process plus those identified through a review <strong>of</strong> available literature information allowed the identification <strong>of</strong> key organic compounds present in those sources that might enter stormwater through emission into the environment. Table 4.10 provides a summary <strong>of</strong> some examples <strong>of</strong> the contaminants identified. Table 4.11 - COPC in tyres and brake pads (from Moncrieff & Kennedy 2002). Source Compartment* Number <strong>of</strong> Example <strong>of</strong> COPC COPC Brake pad and clutch Air >90% 1 Diethynybenzene Air 50-89% 1 Butylated hydroxytoluene Water 50-89% 2 Methylenebis phenol Soil-sediment >90% 4 Tetramethy; phenanthrene Soil-sediment 50-89% 1 Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate Tyre Air 50-89% 1 Butylated hydroxytoluene Water 50-89% 4 Mercaptobenzothiazole Soil-sediment >90% 4 Diphenyl benzenediamine Soil-sediment 50-89% 3 2-methyl-n(2-methylphenyl)- benzediamine Notes: * - the compartment (e.g., air, water, sediment) that the compound is distributed within following release into the environment as defined by the modelling. Tyres and brakepads contain a wide range <strong>of</strong> SVOCs as the materials used in their manufacture are relatively numerous and variable as they change over time as formulations change. Few data have Kingett Mitchell Ltd Resource & Environmental Consultants
37 appeared in the literature in relation to any <strong>of</strong> the identified SVOCs. One group <strong>of</strong> compounds – the benzothiazoles is found present mainly in tyres. Concentrations range from 23.5-70.4 mg/kg for benzothiazole to not-detected to 242-437 mg/kg for mercaptobezothiazole. <strong>The</strong>ir presence has been confirmed in stormwater. Moncrieff & Kennedy (2002) reviewed the available data for benzothiazole. Concentrations <strong>of</strong> benzothiazole have been reported at 0.378 and 0.819 mg/m 3 in stormwater; 2- hydroxybenzothiazole has been reported at concentrations <strong>of</strong> 0.721 and 5.640 mg/m 3 in river water receiving stormwater (Reddy & Quinn 1997). 2-(4-morpholino)benzothiazole has been reported at concentrations <strong>of</strong> 0.015-0.384 mg/m 3 in river water and highway run<strong>of</strong>f (Reddy & Quinn 1997, Kumata et al. (2002). 4.4.5 Dissolved organic compounds <strong>The</strong> proportion <strong>of</strong> any organic compound present in stormwater in the dissolved phase is dependent upon the compounds structure and varies significantly between compounds. This variability is illustrated within the PAHs one <strong>of</strong> the key groups <strong>of</strong> compounds present in vehicle emissions. Brown et al. (2003) and Brown et al. (2003) reported a good relationship between increasing molecular weight and decreasing solubility with more than 50% <strong>of</strong> the low MW PAHs naphthalene through fluorine were soluble whereas less than 20% <strong>of</strong> the high MW compounds such as dibenzanthracene to indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene were soluble (Fig. 4.3). Brown et al. (2003) identified that 63% <strong>of</strong> total PAH (sum <strong>of</strong> 16 PAHs) were in the particulate phase during storm events. <strong>The</strong> authors noted that during periods <strong>of</strong> baseflow a greater proportion <strong>of</strong> PAHs were associated with the dissolved phase (67%). Figure 4.3 - Distribution <strong>of</strong> key PAHs between the dissolved, colloidal and particulate phases in urban stormwater (Taken from Brown et al. 2003) (For abbreviations refer list <strong>of</strong> abbreviations). 4.4.6 TPH and PAHs in stormwater particulate matter ARC (1992) examined the concentration <strong>of</strong> hydrocarbons and PAHs in settleable suspended sediment in stormwater in Auckland. <strong>The</strong> suspended sediment in a bulk sample <strong>of</strong> stormwater from the residential catchment <strong>of</strong> Pakuranga was found to contain 7,800 mg/kg TPH. Measurements reported Kingett Mitchell Ltd Resource & Environmental Consultants
Page 1: The Effect
Page 4 and 5: Intentionally Blank ii
Page 6 and 7: ii 4.2 Particulates in Urban Run<st
Page 8 and 9: iv 7. IDENTIFICATION OF ENVIRONMENT
Page 10 and 11: vi MW Molecular weight N Nitrogen N
Page 12 and 13: 2 1. Moncrieff, I.; Kennedy, P. 200
Page 14 and 15: 4 Table 2.1 - Contaminant Source Cl
Page 16 and 17: 6 mg/kg) and Zn (25-34,500 mg/kg).
Page 18 and 19: 8 Bitumen Bitumen is produced in Ne
Page 20 and 21: 10 differences between petrol and d
Page 22 and 23: 12 on the nature of</strong
Page 24 and 25: 14 As such, available information i
Page 26 and 27: 16 An examination of</stron
Page 28 and 29: 18 Yang et al. (1999) examined the
Page 30 and 31: 20 to elevated concentrations in ty
Page 32 and 33: 22 sample of overs
Page 34 and 35: 24 suspension and that carried as b
Page 36 and 37: 26 Figure 4.1 - Variation in the co
Page 38 and 39: 28 Figure 4.2 - Variation in the co
Page 40 and 41: 30 Metal Cu Cd Pb Zn Table 4.6 - Su
Page 42 and 43: 32 probably reflect lower traffic d
Page 44 and 45: 34 (1995) provide a general review
Page 48 and 49: 38 by ARC (1994) indicated that TPH
Page 50 and 51: 40 Cations/Anions Common ionic cons
Page 52 and 53: 42 Catchpits Between the street sur
Page 54 and 55: 44 5 PATHWAYS & FATE OF CONTAMINANT
Page 56 and 57: 46 The material wh
Page 58 and 59: 48 crystalline species present were
Page 60 and 61: 50 Figure 5.1 - Percentage
Page 62 and 63: 52 short (e.g., < 1 day). In water,
Page 64 and 65: 54 5.4.2 Dispersion Dilution and di
Page 66 and 67: 56 5.6 Summary The
Page 68 and 69: 58 6.2 Freshwater Ecosystems 6.2.1
Page 70 and 71: 60 General Assessment Tools Commonl
Page 72 and 73: 62 3. Increasing sediment inputs. 4
Page 74 and 75: 64 considered that taxa richness wa
Page 76 and 77: 66 Freshwater macro-invertebrate me
Page 78 and 79: 68 runoff to fish
Page 80 and 81: 70 deposition, tracking of<
Page 82 and 83: 72 one factor used to classify orga
Page 84 and 85: 74 Zinc Measurement of</str
Page 86 and 87: 76 in stormwater and receiving wate
Page 88 and 89: 78 minute; sub-mitochondrial partic
Page 90 and 91: 80 Toxicity tests have undertaken u
Page 92 and 93: 82 High molecular weight PAHs are t
Page 94 and 95: 84 Note: Sources refer Table 5.2. F
Page 96 and 97:
86 Although a range of</str
Page 98 and 99:
88 Bioaccumulation can be assessed
Page 100 and 101:
90 Figure 6.2 - metal concentration
Page 102 and 103:
92 6.5.3 Bioaccumulation of
Page 104 and 105:
94 Water Stormwater quality data fr
Page 106 and 107:
96 7. IDENTIFICATION OF ENVIRONMENT
Page 108 and 109:
98 3. Echinoderm (Fellaster zelandi
Page 110 and 111:
100 trace metals (probably Cu and Z
Page 112 and 113:
102 concentrations of</stro
Page 114 and 115:
104 that “concentrations
Page 116 and 117:
106 A large amount of</stro
Page 118 and 119:
108 A review of se
Page 120 and 121:
110 Samples of man
Page 122 and 123:
112 grazers such as mud flat snails
Page 124 and 125:
114 8. OVERVIEW 8.1 Vehicles as sou
Page 126 and 127:
116 The quality <s
Page 128 and 129:
118 International studies have show
Page 130 and 131:
120 A number of st
Page 132 and 133:
122 construction. Center for Resear
Page 134 and 135:
124 Carey, J.; Cook, P.; Ciesy, J.;
Page 136 and 137:
126 Ellis, J. B. 1986: Pollutional
Page 138 and 139:
128 Harrop D. O. 1984: Stormwater r
Page 140 and 141:
130 Kennedy, P. C.; Kjellstrom, T.
Page 142 and 143:
132 Maltby, L. A.; Boxall, D. M.; F
Page 144 and 145:
134 Novotny, V.; Muehring, D.; Zito
Page 146 and 147:
136 Ruck, J. 1998: Evaluation <stro
Page 148 and 149:
138 Terracciano, S. A.; O’Brien,
Page 150 and 151:
140 Webster, J. G.; Brown, K. L.; W
Page 152:
142 10. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Thanks to
show all

The Effects of Road Transport on Freshwater and Marine Ecosystems

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?