The Effects of Road Transport on Freshwater and Marine Ecosystems

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14 As such, available information indicates that the size <strong>of</strong> particles produced by the key motor vehicle emission sources is small and as a result they contribute directly to the small particle size composition present on road surfaces and they contribute to the larger size particles through aggregation and attachment to larger particles. Tyres do produce larger particles but there is little data on the actual particle size distribution <strong>of</strong> fragments worn from tyres. It is evident when comparing the particle size <strong>of</strong> the key vehicle contaminant sources with the size distribution <strong>of</strong> particles on road surfaces that the bulk <strong>of</strong> the material present on road surfaces within urban environments is derived from the road surface and elsewhere. Overall, particulate matter on road surfaces (in gutters) is dominated by sand sized particles. A range <strong>of</strong> inorganic (inorganic material derived from the road surface, debris derived from vehicles and litter) and organic particles (e.g., plant leaves) will also be present some <strong>of</strong> which will have been derived from motor vehicles, their occupants and activities and people on adjacent pavements and land. <strong>The</strong> contribution from motor vehicles to stormwater particulate concentrations in terms <strong>of</strong> road wear and vehicle contributions does not appear to have been defined well but the contribution appears to be more important for the smaller particle sizes especially those in the < 63 µm size range. 3.2.3 Metals A considerable amount <strong>of</strong> data has been collected on the quality <strong>of</strong> the dusts and sediments collected in urban street gutters overseas. Examples <strong>of</strong> studies reporting on the quality <strong>of</strong> gutter dusts overseas include Pitt & Amy (1973) and Fergusson & Ryan (1984). In New Zealand, there is also a good database <strong>of</strong> information on the quality <strong>of</strong> gutter dusts in urban areas. <strong>The</strong> majority <strong>of</strong> the published data is from Christchurch (Fergusson et al. 1980, Fergusson & Simmons 1983) and Auckland (ARC 1992, Ng et al. 2003, Kennedy & Gadd 2003) but unpublished data is also available for Wellington (Kennedy unpublished data). This information has been reviewed in Kennedy (2003). Table 3.4 provides a summary <strong>of</strong> data for the concentration <strong>of</strong> key trace elements reported in New Zealand studies <strong>of</strong> urban gutter dust quality. <strong>The</strong> lead data presented in Table 3.4 was all obtained after the removal <strong>of</strong> Pb from New Zealand petrol. In the table, data that exceeds the typical background sediment values and measured concentrations are attributable in part to emissions from motor vehicles are highlighted. Fergusson & Ryan (1984) examined a total <strong>of</strong> 26 elements in street dusts in a range <strong>of</strong> cities that included Christchurch. <strong>The</strong> analytical parameters examined included common metals (e.g., manganese (Mn), Iron (Fe)), environmentally important metals (e.g., arsenic (As), antimony (Sb)), rare earth elements (e.g., lanthanum (La), cerium (Ce), samarium (Sm), hafnium (Hf) and precious metals (e.g., gold (Au)). Kennedy (unpublished data) examined the distribution <strong>of</strong> 23 elements in street dusts from Wellington including environmentally important elements such as Hg and uncommon elements such as molydbenum (Mo), niobium (Nb), yttrium (Y), and gallium (Ga). Results for key elements from that dataset are presented in Table 3.2. Specific data and details can be found in Kennedy (2003). In these studies, variability was encountered in trace element concentrations and in some cases the concentrations were notably elevated (e.g., mercury (Hg) in commercial streets in Wellington, Au in New York streets). However, for most elements, there was insufficient understanding <strong>of</strong> the variability in the element concentration to determine the magnitude <strong>of</strong> any increase (e.g., for elements such as vanadium (V). In addition, although Fergusson & Ryan (1984) discussed the motor vehicles as sources <strong>of</strong> some <strong>of</strong> the common elements no assessment <strong>of</strong> the contribution from motor vehicles was made. Kingett Mitchell Ltd Resource & Environmental Consultants
15 Table 3.4 - Summary <strong>of</strong> trace element concentrations in New Zealand roadway gutter dusts in (all data mg/kg dry weight unless noted). Element Location Fraction analysed Median Minimum Maximum N Ref Year <strong>of</strong> sampling Antimony Well
Page 1: The Effect
Page 4 and 5: Intentionally Blank ii
Page 6 and 7: ii 4.2 Particulates in Urban Run<st
Page 8 and 9: iv 7. IDENTIFICATION OF ENVIRONMENT
Page 10 and 11: vi MW Molecular weight N Nitrogen N
Page 12 and 13: 2 1. Moncrieff, I.; Kennedy, P. 200
Page 14 and 15: 4 Table 2.1 - Contaminant Source Cl
Page 16 and 17: 6 mg/kg) and Zn (25-34,500 mg/kg).
Page 18 and 19: 8 Bitumen Bitumen is produced in Ne
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Page 22 and 23: 12 on the nature of</strong
Page 26 and 27: 16 An examination of</stron
Page 28 and 29: 18 Yang et al. (1999) examined the
Page 30 and 31: 20 to elevated concentrations in ty
Page 32 and 33: 22 sample of overs
Page 34 and 35: 24 suspension and that carried as b
Page 36 and 37: 26 Figure 4.1 - Variation in the co
Page 38 and 39: 28 Figure 4.2 - Variation in the co
Page 40 and 41: 30 Metal Cu Cd Pb Zn Table 4.6 - Su
Page 42 and 43: 32 probably reflect lower traffic d
Page 44 and 45: 34 (1995) provide a general review
Page 46 and 47: 36 Further data can be found in the
Page 48 and 49: 38 by ARC (1994) indicated that TPH
Page 50 and 51: 40 Cations/Anions Common ionic cons
Page 52 and 53: 42 Catchpits Between the street sur
Page 54 and 55: 44 5 PATHWAYS & FATE OF CONTAMINANT
Page 56 and 57: 46 The material wh
Page 58 and 59: 48 crystalline species present were
Page 60 and 61: 50 Figure 5.1 - Percentage
Page 62 and 63: 52 short (e.g., < 1 day). In water,
Page 64 and 65: 54 5.4.2 Dispersion Dilution and di
Page 66 and 67: 56 5.6 Summary The
Page 68 and 69: 58 6.2 Freshwater Ecosystems 6.2.1
Page 70 and 71: 60 General Assessment Tools Commonl
Page 72 and 73: 62 3. Increasing sediment inputs. 4
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64 considered that taxa richness wa
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66 Freshwater macro-invertebrate me
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68 runoff to fish
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70 deposition, tracking of<
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72 one factor used to classify orga
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74 Zinc Measurement of</str
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76 in stormwater and receiving wate
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78 minute; sub-mitochondrial partic
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80 Toxicity tests have undertaken u
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82 High molecular weight PAHs are t
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84 Note: Sources refer Table 5.2. F
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86 Although a range of</str
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88 Bioaccumulation can be assessed
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90 Figure 6.2 - metal concentration
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92 6.5.3 Bioaccumulation of
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94 Water Stormwater quality data fr
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96 7. IDENTIFICATION OF ENVIRONMENT
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98 3. Echinoderm (Fellaster zelandi
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100 trace metals (probably Cu and Z
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102 concentrations of</stro
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104 that “concentrations
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106 A large amount of</stro
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108 A review of se
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110 Samples of man
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112 grazers such as mud flat snails
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114 8. OVERVIEW 8.1 Vehicles as sou
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116 The quality <s
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118 International studies have show
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120 A number of st
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122 construction. Center for Resear
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124 Carey, J.; Cook, P.; Ciesy, J.;
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126 Ellis, J. B. 1986: Pollutional
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128 Harrop D. O. 1984: Stormwater r
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130 Kennedy, P. C.; Kjellstrom, T.
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132 Maltby, L. A.; Boxall, D. M.; F
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134 Novotny, V.; Muehring, D.; Zito
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136 Ruck, J. 1998: Evaluation <stro
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138 Terracciano, S. A.; O’Brien,
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140 Webster, J. G.; Brown, K. L.; W
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142 10. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Thanks to
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The Effects of Road Transport on Freshwater and Marine Ecosystems

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