The Effects of Road Transport on Freshwater and Marine Ecosystems

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38 by ARC (1994) indicated that TPH concentrations ranged from 1,000 up to about 4,000 mg/kg in the different particle sizes examined Williamson (unpublished data in NIWA 1996) measured PAH concentrations in suspended sediment from Hillcrest (Hamilton) <strong>of</strong> 52 - 2,375 µg/kg. Hickey et al. (1997) examined PAH concentrations in suspended stormwater particulates from Mt Albert in Auckland. <strong>The</strong> results indicated a total PAH concentration <strong>of</strong> 972 µg/kg. Data for a total <strong>of</strong> 24 PAHs was reported ranging from 0.2 µg/kg for napthalene, to 66 µg/kg for benzo(a)pyrene to 126 µg/kg for pyrene and 148 µg/kg for benzo(ghi)perylene. Stormwater from roads contains a wide range <strong>of</strong> organic compounds. Many contaminants are present as a result <strong>of</strong> their emission from a number <strong>of</strong> sources associated with motor vehicles (e.g., tyre and brake pad wear, exhaust emission). Compounds present on road surfaces and in stormwater include volatile organic compounds and a wide range <strong>of</strong> semi-volatile organic compounds. <strong>The</strong> PAHs are the most well understood group <strong>of</strong> SVOCs and have been measured in stormwater. <strong>The</strong> amount <strong>of</strong> any particular organic compound present in the dissolved phase is dependent upon its properties. A higher proportion <strong>of</strong> the concentration <strong>of</strong> low MW PAHs is present in the dissolved phase compared to high MW PAHs which are almost entirely present in the particulate phase. 4.5 Other Constituents Other Constituents in Particulate Matter <strong>The</strong> particulate matter transported by stormwater carries a range <strong>of</strong> other constituents other than metals and organic compounds. <strong>The</strong>se other constituents include nutrients and oxygen demanding substances. ARC (1992, 1994) carried out an examination <strong>of</strong> the concentration <strong>of</strong> nutrients and their constituents in the particulate matter transported from a residential catchment in Auckland. Organic carbon concentrations in suspended solids in stormwater were found to be higher than those measured in street gutter dusts (probably due to differential sorting <strong>of</strong> organic suspended solids). Concentrations <strong>of</strong> up to 22% organic carbon were measured. Density separation may result in the increase in concentration compared to the source. Increases were also noted in relation to total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) with concentrations <strong>of</strong> up to 0.09% being measured. In relation to both OC and TKN, no assessment <strong>of</strong> the relative contribution <strong>of</strong> road transport to both constituents (from hydrocarbon and NOx emissions) has been identified. However, although it has been assumed to be low, the relative contribution between road transport and urban landscape and other sources is expected to be highly variable. ARC (1992) examined the phosphorus content <strong>of</strong> particulates in stormwater from residential and commercial catchments in Auckland. <strong>The</strong> results showed that although total phosphorus concentrations were high (typically >2,000 mg/kg), the available fraction was a very small part (typically 2%). Concentrations in that study appeared to be greater than would be expected in local soils (e.g.,
39 parameters. <strong>The</strong> oxygen demand processes associated with motor vehicle associated oxygen demanding substances does not appear to have been assessed. General Stormwater Chemistry ARWB (1988) and Williamson (1993) provide an overview <strong>of</strong> the concentration <strong>of</strong> other constituents in urban stormwater. <strong>The</strong> other key parameters include oxygen-demanding substances, nitrogen and phosphorus. ARC (1992) has examined the quality <strong>of</strong> stormwater generated from roads in residential and industrial parts <strong>of</strong> Auckland. Table 4.12 provides a summary <strong>of</strong> the concentration <strong>of</strong> these constituents in urban and motorway run<strong>of</strong>f. A comment is provided below on the key components and chemistry <strong>of</strong> stormwater run<strong>of</strong>f. Table 4.12 - Summary <strong>of</strong> the concentration <strong>of</strong> general constituents in urban motorway stormwater (all data g/m 3 ). Study BOD 5 NO 3 NH 4 DRP TP Urban Williamson (1993) ARC (1992) ARC (1994) ARC ((1992) 10%ile 50%ile 90%ile Pakuranga Resid. Pakuranga Resid 5 8 13 - - 0.375 0.800 1.50 0.606 0.626 0.025 0.100 0.25 0.024 0.043 0.013 0.040 0.070 0.019 0.014 0.2 0.42 1.12 0.098 0.101 0.192 Southdown Ind - 0.981 0.038 0.723 Mosley & Peake (2001) Kaikorai - 0.833 - 0.038 0.118 Macaskill et al. (2003) Rotorua Resid - 0.0595 0.057 0.036 0.118 Rotorua Comm - 0.042 0.062 0.032 0.109 Rotorua Ind - 0.034 0.019 0.01 0.179 Motorway Wu et. al. (1998) Kennedy (1995) 3 lane bridge 3 lane highway 4 lane highway Walnut Creek Dallas Tollway Collins Street MoPac (at 35 th St) - - - 3.5 6 5.2 0.38 0.19 0.08 0.28 0.88 0.75 0.66 0.62 0.42 - - - 0.08 0.26 0.16 - - - 0.20 0.37 0.26 0.10 0.38 0.19 Irish et al. (1995) 4.7 0.74 - - 0.28 2.1 0.56 0.08 15.3 1.00 0.41 MoPac (Convict Hill) 5.4 0.73 0.08 Barrett et al (1995) 35 th Street 12.2 1.03 - - 0.33 Convict Hill Rd 5.0 0.73 - - 0.11 Ellis & Revitt (1989) Various - 0.76 - - - Berbee et al. (1999) Highways 6 0.5-0.9 - - - pH <strong>The</strong> pH <strong>of</strong> urban and highway stormwater run<strong>of</strong>f is typically around 7.0. Variation about 7.0 is dependent upon the chemistry <strong>of</strong> contributing land use adjacent to the road, the road surface and the pH <strong>of</strong> rainfall during the rainfall event. Typically rainfall in New Zealand is acidic (pH
Page 1: The Effect
Page 4 and 5: Intentionally Blank ii
Page 6 and 7: ii 4.2 Particulates in Urban Run<st
Page 8 and 9: iv 7. IDENTIFICATION OF ENVIRONMENT
Page 10 and 11: vi MW Molecular weight N Nitrogen N
Page 12 and 13: 2 1. Moncrieff, I.; Kennedy, P. 200
Page 14 and 15: 4 Table 2.1 - Contaminant Source Cl
Page 16 and 17: 6 mg/kg) and Zn (25-34,500 mg/kg).
Page 18 and 19: 8 Bitumen Bitumen is produced in Ne
Page 20 and 21: 10 differences between petrol and d
Page 22 and 23: 12 on the nature of</strong
Page 24 and 25: 14 As such, available information i
Page 26 and 27: 16 An examination of</stron
Page 28 and 29: 18 Yang et al. (1999) examined the
Page 30 and 31: 20 to elevated concentrations in ty
Page 32 and 33: 22 sample of overs
Page 34 and 35: 24 suspension and that carried as b
Page 36 and 37: 26 Figure 4.1 - Variation in the co
Page 38 and 39: 28 Figure 4.2 - Variation in the co
Page 40 and 41: 30 Metal Cu Cd Pb Zn Table 4.6 - Su
Page 42 and 43: 32 probably reflect lower traffic d
Page 44 and 45: 34 (1995) provide a general review
Page 46 and 47: 36 Further data can be found in the
Page 50 and 51: 40 Cations/Anions Common ionic cons
Page 52 and 53: 42 Catchpits Between the street sur
Page 54 and 55: 44 5 PATHWAYS & FATE OF CONTAMINANT
Page 56 and 57: 46 The material wh
Page 58 and 59: 48 crystalline species present were
Page 60 and 61: 50 Figure 5.1 - Percentage
Page 62 and 63: 52 short (e.g., < 1 day). In water,
Page 64 and 65: 54 5.4.2 Dispersion Dilution and di
Page 66 and 67: 56 5.6 Summary The
Page 68 and 69: 58 6.2 Freshwater Ecosystems 6.2.1
Page 70 and 71: 60 General Assessment Tools Commonl
Page 72 and 73: 62 3. Increasing sediment inputs. 4
Page 74 and 75: 64 considered that taxa richness wa
Page 76 and 77: 66 Freshwater macro-invertebrate me
Page 78 and 79: 68 runoff to fish
Page 80 and 81: 70 deposition, tracking of<
Page 82 and 83: 72 one factor used to classify orga
Page 84 and 85: 74 Zinc Measurement of</str
Page 86 and 87: 76 in stormwater and receiving wate
Page 88 and 89: 78 minute; sub-mitochondrial partic
Page 90 and 91: 80 Toxicity tests have undertaken u
Page 92 and 93: 82 High molecular weight PAHs are t
Page 94 and 95: 84 Note: Sources refer Table 5.2. F
Page 96 and 97: 86 Although a range of</str
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88 Bioaccumulation can be assessed
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90 Figure 6.2 - metal concentration
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92 6.5.3 Bioaccumulation of
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94 Water Stormwater quality data fr
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96 7. IDENTIFICATION OF ENVIRONMENT
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98 3. Echinoderm (Fellaster zelandi
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100 trace metals (probably Cu and Z
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102 concentrations of</stro
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104 that “concentrations
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106 A large amount of</stro
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108 A review of se
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110 Samples of man
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112 grazers such as mud flat snails
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114 8. OVERVIEW 8.1 Vehicles as sou
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116 The quality <s
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118 International studies have show
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120 A number of st
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122 construction. Center for Resear
Page 134 and 135:
124 Carey, J.; Cook, P.; Ciesy, J.;
Page 136 and 137:
126 Ellis, J. B. 1986: Pollutional
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128 Harrop D. O. 1984: Stormwater r
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130 Kennedy, P. C.; Kjellstrom, T.
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132 Maltby, L. A.; Boxall, D. M.; F
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134 Novotny, V.; Muehring, D.; Zito
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136 Ruck, J. 1998: Evaluation <stro
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138 Terracciano, S. A.; O’Brien,
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140 Webster, J. G.; Brown, K. L.; W
Page 152:
142 10. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Thanks to
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