The Effects of Road Transport on Freshwater and Marine Ecosystems

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10 differences between petrol and diesel emissions. <strong>The</strong> published data provide a good picture <strong>of</strong> the nature <strong>of</strong> VOCs in exhaust emissions. <strong>The</strong>re is also good data for some groups <strong>of</strong> compounds such as the PAHs and their derivatives and also the dioxins and furans. However there are a range <strong>of</strong> other compounds for which there appears to be less information available. For the solids sources such as tyres and brake pads the amount <strong>of</strong> information is significantly less. <strong>The</strong>re have been a number <strong>of</strong> studies that have produced very useful data for the characterisation <strong>of</strong> these sources. <strong>The</strong>re is considerable variation in the composition <strong>of</strong> sources such as brake pads leading to uncertainty as to the nature <strong>of</strong> compounds present (e.g., the occurrence <strong>of</strong> phthalates in brake pads). Kingett Mitchell Ltd Resource & Environmental Consultants
11 3. ROAD ENVIRONMENT 3.1 Introduction This section <strong>of</strong> the report examines the quality <strong>of</strong> material present on road surfaces that contributes to the particulate material in stormwater. <strong>The</strong> interpretation <strong>of</strong> the effect that motor vehicles have on urban stormwater quality is complicated by the influence <strong>of</strong> other adjacent urban activities. In both general urban stormwater and specific highway run<strong>of</strong>f, deposition <strong>of</strong> particulate matter from the atmosphere will contribute material not entirely derived from motor vehicle emissions. Table 3.1 provides a general summary <strong>of</strong> the sources <strong>of</strong> material that contribute to general urban stormwater quality. <strong>The</strong> influence that motor vehicles have on road dust quality is determined by the relative contributions <strong>of</strong> those contaminants from other urban sources. <strong>The</strong> material’s quality on those roads in rural and urban locations with no significant urban activities adjacent to the road will reflect the contribution from vehicles, the deposition <strong>of</strong> contaminants from the atmosphere and from wind blown soils etc., from adjacent areas and the contribution from the wear <strong>of</strong> the road surface. Table 3.1 - Summary <strong>of</strong> key sources contributing to general urban stormwater quality (Adapted from ARC 1992). Source Comment on Source Motor Vehicles <strong>Road</strong> Surface Litter/Organic Debris Buildings Construction Soil Rainfall Vehicle exhaust emissions, oil and lubricating losses, wear <strong>of</strong> vehicle body, tyre and brake wear. Wear and breakdown <strong>of</strong> road surface including aggregate and other material used in base course and surface, bitumen, concrete and other materials used on road surface (e.g., marking paint). Wide variety <strong>of</strong> litter and debris <strong>of</strong> inorganic origin (metal, glass, plastic) and organic (food, paper, plant, litter and animal waste) origin. Corrosion and other weathering products from adjacent buildings including dry and wet losses. Includes losses such as Cu from Cu facings and gutters, ro<strong>of</strong> run<strong>of</strong>f (paint fragments etc.,). Building maintenance and construction produces a wide variety <strong>of</strong> inorganic dust and other debris (e.g., paint waste). Wind and rain will transport fines in soils from adjacent areas onto roadways. Materials are typically silts, clays and sands with low organic content. Atmospheric washout will contribute fine particulate material present in urban air. Sources will be site specific. A portion will be local and vehicle derived. <strong>The</strong> quality <strong>of</strong> the particulate material on the road surface and available for transport by stormwater will influence the quality <strong>of</strong> sediments in adjacent depositional receiving environments. To ascertain the contribution <strong>of</strong> contaminants from motor vehicles and understand the contribution they make to any identified adverse effects in the receiving environment requires that the contaminant presence and contribution from the road environment be understood. 3.2 Street and Gutter Dusts 3.2.1 General Composition Gutters on roadways with kerb and channelling are points that dust and debris accumulate until washed into the stormwater system. Examination <strong>of</strong> the quality <strong>of</strong> this material provides information Kingett Mitchell Ltd Resource & Environmental Consultants
Page 1: The Effect
Page 4 and 5: Intentionally Blank ii
Page 6 and 7: ii 4.2 Particulates in Urban Run<st
Page 8 and 9: iv 7. IDENTIFICATION OF ENVIRONMENT
Page 10 and 11: vi MW Molecular weight N Nitrogen N
Page 12 and 13: 2 1. Moncrieff, I.; Kennedy, P. 200
Page 14 and 15: 4 Table 2.1 - Contaminant Source Cl
Page 16 and 17: 6 mg/kg) and Zn (25-34,500 mg/kg).
Page 18 and 19: 8 Bitumen Bitumen is produced in Ne
Page 22 and 23: 12 on the nature of</strong
Page 24 and 25: 14 As such, available information i
Page 26 and 27: 16 An examination of</stron
Page 28 and 29: 18 Yang et al. (1999) examined the
Page 30 and 31: 20 to elevated concentrations in ty
Page 32 and 33: 22 sample of overs
Page 34 and 35: 24 suspension and that carried as b
Page 36 and 37: 26 Figure 4.1 - Variation in the co
Page 38 and 39: 28 Figure 4.2 - Variation in the co
Page 40 and 41: 30 Metal Cu Cd Pb Zn Table 4.6 - Su
Page 42 and 43: 32 probably reflect lower traffic d
Page 44 and 45: 34 (1995) provide a general review
Page 46 and 47: 36 Further data can be found in the
Page 48 and 49: 38 by ARC (1994) indicated that TPH
Page 50 and 51: 40 Cations/Anions Common ionic cons
Page 52 and 53: 42 Catchpits Between the street sur
Page 54 and 55: 44 5 PATHWAYS & FATE OF CONTAMINANT
Page 56 and 57: 46 The material wh
Page 58 and 59: 48 crystalline species present were
Page 60 and 61: 50 Figure 5.1 - Percentage
Page 62 and 63: 52 short (e.g., < 1 day). In water,
Page 64 and 65: 54 5.4.2 Dispersion Dilution and di
Page 66 and 67: 56 5.6 Summary The
Page 68 and 69: 58 6.2 Freshwater Ecosystems 6.2.1
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60 General Assessment Tools Commonl
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62 3. Increasing sediment inputs. 4
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64 considered that taxa richness wa
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66 Freshwater macro-invertebrate me
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68 runoff to fish
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70 deposition, tracking of<
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72 one factor used to classify orga
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74 Zinc Measurement of</str
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76 in stormwater and receiving wate
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78 minute; sub-mitochondrial partic
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80 Toxicity tests have undertaken u
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82 High molecular weight PAHs are t
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84 Note: Sources refer Table 5.2. F
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86 Although a range of</str
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88 Bioaccumulation can be assessed
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90 Figure 6.2 - metal concentration
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92 6.5.3 Bioaccumulation of
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94 Water Stormwater quality data fr
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96 7. IDENTIFICATION OF ENVIRONMENT
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98 3. Echinoderm (Fellaster zelandi
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100 trace metals (probably Cu and Z
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102 concentrations of</stro
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104 that “concentrations
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106 A large amount of</stro
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108 A review of se
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110 Samples of man
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112 grazers such as mud flat snails
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114 8. OVERVIEW 8.1 Vehicles as sou
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116 The quality <s
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118 International studies have show
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120 A number of st
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122 construction. Center for Resear
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124 Carey, J.; Cook, P.; Ciesy, J.;
Page 136 and 137:
126 Ellis, J. B. 1986: Pollutional
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128 Harrop D. O. 1984: Stormwater r
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130 Kennedy, P. C.; Kjellstrom, T.
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132 Maltby, L. A.; Boxall, D. M.; F
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134 Novotny, V.; Muehring, D.; Zito
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136 Ruck, J. 1998: Evaluation <stro
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138 Terracciano, S. A.; O’Brien,
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140 Webster, J. G.; Brown, K. L.; W
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142 10. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Thanks to
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The Effects of Road Transport on Freshwater and Marine Ecosystems

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