The Effects of Road Transport on Freshwater and Marine Ecosystems

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124 Carey, J.; Cook, P.; Ciesy, J.; Hodson, P.; Muir, D.; Owens, J. W.; Solomon, K. 1998: Ecotoxicological risk assessment <strong>of</strong> the chlorinated organic chemicals. Proceedings from the Pellston Workshop on environmental risk assessment for organochlorine compounds 24-29 July 1994. Aliston, Ontario, Canada. SETAC Special Publication Series. CCME 1999: Canadian water quality guidelines for the protection <strong>of</strong> aquatic life. In Canadian environmental quality guidelines, 1999. Canadian Council <strong>of</strong> Ministers <strong>of</strong> the Environment, Winnipeg. Chamberlain, A. C. 1983: Fallout <strong>of</strong> lead and uptake by crops. Atmospheric environment 17(4): 693-706. Collier, K. J.; Cooper, A. B.; Davies-Colley, R. J.; Rutherford, J. C.; Smith, C. M.; Williamson, R. B; 1995: Managing Riparian Zones. Department <strong>of</strong> Conservation, Wellington. Collier, K. J.; Winterbourn, M. J. 2000: New Zealand stream invertebrates: Ecology and implications for management. New Zealand Limnological Society, Hamilton, New Zealand. Collins, J. A. 1984: <strong>Road</strong>side lead in New Zealand and its significance for human and animal health. New Zealand journal <strong>of</strong> science 27: 93-99. Cooke, T. D.; Lee, C. C. 1995: Toxicity identification evaluations (TIE) in San Francisco Bay area urban storm water run<strong>of</strong>f. Presented at 16 th annual meeting <strong>of</strong> the Society <strong>of</strong> environmental toxicology and chemistry (SETAC), Vancouver, British Columbia. Cox, J. H.; Livingstone, E. H. 1997: Stormwater sediments: hazardous waste or dirty dirt: an update. Fifth biennial stormwater research conference, November 5-7, 1997. Cretney, J. R.; Lee, K. L.; Wright, G. J.; Swallow, W. H.; Taylor, M. C. 1985: Analysis <strong>of</strong> polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in air particulate matter from a lightly industrialised area. Environmental science and technology 19 (5): 397-404. Crunkilton, R.; Kleist, J.; Bierman, D.; Ramcheck, J.; DeVita, W. G. 1999: Importance <strong>of</strong> toxicity as a factor controlling the distribution <strong>of</strong> aquatic organism in an urban stream. In comprehensive stormwater and aquatic ecosystem management. First South Pacific Conference. 22-26 February 1999. Auckland. Pp 187-194. Crunkilton, R.; Kron, D. 1999: Assessing the effectiveness <strong>of</strong> a pilot scale wet detention basin in reducing toxicity <strong>of</strong> urban run<strong>of</strong>f. In comprehensive stormwater and aquatic ecosystem management. First South Pacific Conference. 22-26 February 1999. Auckland. Pp 187-194. David, D. J.; Williams, C. H. 1975: Heavy metal contents <strong>of</strong> soils and plants adjacent to the Hume highway near Marulan, New South Wales. Australian journal <strong>of</strong> experimental agriculture and animal husbandry 15: 414-417. Deletic, A. 1998: <strong>The</strong> first flush load <strong>of</strong> urban surface run<strong>of</strong>f. Water Research 1998, 32:2462-2470. Delzer, G. C.; Zogoroki, J. S.; Lopes, T. J.; Bosshart. R. L. 1996: Occurrence <strong>of</strong> the gasoline oxygenate MTBE and BTEX compounds in urban stormwater in the United States, 1991-1995. United States Geological Survey, Water Resources Investigation Report, 96: 4145. De Mora, S. J.; Demeke, G. 1990: Chemical fractionation <strong>of</strong> lead in intertidal sediments from Manukau Harbour, Auckland, New Zealand. New Zealand journal <strong>of</strong> marine and freshwater research 24: 569-575. DeMora, S. J.; Harrison, R. M. 1984: Physicochemical speciation <strong>of</strong> inorganic compounds in environmental media. Hazard assessment <strong>of</strong> chemicals: Current developments Volume 3. Academic press. Dietl, C.; Wäber, M.; Peichl, L.; Vierle, O. 1996: Monitoring <strong>of</strong> airborne metals in grass and depositions. Chemosphere, Vol. 33, No. 11, pp. 2101-2111, 1996. Kingett Mitchell Ltd Resource & Environmental Consultants
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Page 1:
The Effect
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Intentionally Blank ii
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ii 4.2 Particulates in Urban Run<st
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iv 7. IDENTIFICATION OF ENVIRONMENT
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vi MW Molecular weight N Nitrogen N
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2 1. Moncrieff, I.; Kennedy, P. 200
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4 Table 2.1 - Contaminant Source Cl
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6 mg/kg) and Zn (25-34,500 mg/kg).
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8 Bitumen Bitumen is produced in Ne
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10 differences between petrol and d
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12 on the nature of</strong
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14 As such, available information i
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16 An examination of</stron
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18 Yang et al. (1999) examined the
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20 to elevated concentrations in ty
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22 sample of overs
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24 suspension and that carried as b
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26 Figure 4.1 - Variation in the co
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28 Figure 4.2 - Variation in the co
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30 Metal Cu Cd Pb Zn Table 4.6 - Su
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32 probably reflect lower traffic d
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34 (1995) provide a general review
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36 Further data can be found in the
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38 by ARC (1994) indicated that TPH
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40 Cations/Anions Common ionic cons
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42 Catchpits Between the street sur
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44 5 PATHWAYS & FATE OF CONTAMINANT
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46 The material wh
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48 crystalline species present were
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50 Figure 5.1 - Percentage
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52 short (e.g., < 1 day). In water,
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54 5.4.2 Dispersion Dilution and di
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56 5.6 Summary The
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58 6.2 Freshwater Ecosystems 6.2.1
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60 General Assessment Tools Commonl
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62 3. Increasing sediment inputs. 4
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64 considered that taxa richness wa
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66 Freshwater macro-invertebrate me
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68 runoff to fish
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70 deposition, tracking of<
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72 one factor used to classify orga
Page 84 and 85: 74 Zinc Measurement of</str
Page 86 and 87: 76 in stormwater and receiving wate
Page 88 and 89: 78 minute; sub-mitochondrial partic
Page 90 and 91: 80 Toxicity tests have undertaken u
Page 92 and 93: 82 High molecular weight PAHs are t
Page 94 and 95: 84 Note: Sources refer Table 5.2. F
Page 96 and 97: 86 Although a range of</str
Page 98 and 99: 88 Bioaccumulation can be assessed
Page 100 and 101: 90 Figure 6.2 - metal concentration
Page 102 and 103: 92 6.5.3 Bioaccumulation of
Page 104 and 105: 94 Water Stormwater quality data fr
Page 106 and 107: 96 7. IDENTIFICATION OF ENVIRONMENT
Page 108 and 109: 98 3. Echinoderm (Fellaster zelandi
Page 110 and 111: 100 trace metals (probably Cu and Z
Page 112 and 113: 102 concentrations of</stro
Page 114 and 115: 104 that “concentrations
Page 116 and 117: 106 A large amount of</stro
Page 118 and 119: 108 A review of se
Page 120 and 121: 110 Samples of man
Page 122 and 123: 112 grazers such as mud flat snails
Page 124 and 125: 114 8. OVERVIEW 8.1 Vehicles as sou
Page 126 and 127: 116 The quality <s
Page 128 and 129: 118 International studies have show
Page 130 and 131: 120 A number of st
Page 132 and 133: 122 construction. Center for Resear
Page 136 and 137: 126 Ellis, J. B. 1986: Pollutional
Page 138 and 139: 128 Harrop D. O. 1984: Stormwater r
Page 140 and 141: 130 Kennedy, P. C.; Kjellstrom, T.
Page 142 and 143: 132 Maltby, L. A.; Boxall, D. M.; F
Page 144 and 145: 134 Novotny, V.; Muehring, D.; Zito
Page 146 and 147: 136 Ruck, J. 1998: Evaluation <stro
Page 148 and 149: 138 Terracciano, S. A.; O’Brien,
Page 150 and 151: 140 Webster, J. G.; Brown, K. L.; W
Page 152: 142 10. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Thanks to
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The Effects of Road Transport on Freshwater and Marine Ecosystems

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