The Effects of Road Transport on Freshwater and Marine Ecosystems

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122 construction. Center for Research in Water Resources, University <strong>of</strong> Texas at Austin, CRWR Online Report 95-5. April 1995. Barrett, M. E.; Malina, J. F.; Charbeneau, P. E.; Ward, G. H. 1995b: <strong>Effects</strong> <strong>of</strong> highway construction and operation on water quality and quantity in an ephemeral stream in the Austin, Texas area. Center for Research in Water Resources, University <strong>of</strong> Texas at Austin, Report CRWR 262. September 1995. Barrett, M. E.; Malina, J. F.; Charbeneau, P. E.; Ward, G. H. 1995c: Characterisation <strong>of</strong> highway run<strong>of</strong>f in the Austin, Texas area. Center for Research in Water Resources, University <strong>of</strong> Texas at Austin, Report CRWR 263. October 1995. Bascombe, A. 1988: Urban Pollution Research Report 11: Biological monitoring <strong>of</strong> benthic invertebrates for the assessment <strong>of</strong> heavy metal pollution in urban rivers. Report prepared by the Urban Pollution centre, Middlesex Polytechnic, Queensway Middlesex. Bascombe, et al. 1988: <strong>The</strong> role <strong>of</strong> invertebrate monitoring for water quality management within urban catchments. In, Hooghart, J. C. Ed. Hydrological processes and water management in urban areas. IHP/UNESCO, the Netherlands. Batley, G. E.; Brockbank, C. I.; Hogan, P.; Ball, J. E. 1994: <strong>The</strong> chemical composition <strong>of</strong> stormwater run<strong>of</strong>f from roads. CSIRO Division <strong>of</strong> Coal and Energy Technology, Centre for Advanced Analytical Chemistry. Investigation Report CET/IR263. Prepared for the <strong>Road</strong>s and Traffic Authority <strong>of</strong> New South Wales, May 1994. Batley, G. E.; Brockbank, C. I.; Hogan, P.; Ball, J. E. 1994: <strong>The</strong> chemical composition <strong>of</strong> stormwater run<strong>of</strong>f from roads. Prepared for the <strong>Road</strong>s and Traffic Authority <strong>of</strong> NSW, May 1994. CSIRO Division <strong>of</strong> Coal and Energy Technology, Centre for Advanced Analytical Chemistry. Investigation report CET/IR263. Bay, S.; Jones, B. H.; Schiff, K.; Washburn, L. 2003: Water quality impacts <strong>of</strong> stormwater discharges to Santa Monica Bay. Marine environmental research 56: 205-223. Bellinger, E. G.; Jones, A. D.; Tinker, J. 1982: <strong>The</strong> character and dispersal <strong>of</strong> motorway run<strong>of</strong>f water. Water pollution control, 81(3): 372-390. Berbee, R. P. M.; Rijs, G. B. J.; Brouwer, M. W. 1996: Treatment <strong>of</strong> run<strong>of</strong>f from highways. Rep. 96.017 (Dutch), Institute Inland Water Management Waste Water Treatment, Lelystad, Neth (In Berbee et al. 1999). Berbee, R.; Rijs, G.; de Brouwer, R.; van Velzen, L. 1999: Characterisation and treatment <strong>of</strong> run<strong>of</strong>f from highways in the Netherlands paved with impervious and pervious asphalt. Water environment research 71: 183-190. Bergen, M.; Weisberg, S.; Smith, R.; Cadien, D.; Dalkey, A.; Montagne, D.; Stull, J.; Velarde, R.; & Ranasinghe, J. A. 2001: Relationship between depth, sediment, latitude, and the structure <strong>of</strong> benthic infaunal assemblages on the mainland shelf <strong>of</strong> southern California. Marine biology, 138: 637–647. Betrand, J. L.; Chebbo, G.; Saget, A. 1998: Distribution <strong>of</strong> pollutant mass vs volume in stormwater discharges and the first flush phenomenon. Water Research 1998: 32:2341-2356. Biggs, B. J. F. 2000: New Zealand periphyton guidelines: Detecting, monitoring and managing enrichment <strong>of</strong> streams. Ministry for the Environment, Wellington. June 2000. Bingham, A. G.; Edmunds, C. J.; Graham, B. W. C.; Jones, M. T.; Young, H. 1990: PCDD and PCDF emissions in car exhaust and their impact on the environment. Chemistry Division Report No. CD 9397. DSIR. Kingett Mitchell Ltd Resource & Environmental Consultants
123 Bolton-Ritchie, L.; Chague-G<strong>of</strong>f, C.; Gardner, C.; G<strong>of</strong>f, J. 1999: A preliminary investigation into the effects <strong>of</strong> point source stormwater discharge on the marine benthic environment <strong>of</strong> inner Wellington Harbour. Poster in comprehensive stormwater and aquatic ecosystem management. First South Pacific Conference. 22-26 February 1999. Auckland. Bolton-Ritchie, L.; Chague-G<strong>of</strong>f, C.; Gardner, J. P. A.; G<strong>of</strong>f, J. 1999: Wellington’s storm drain sedimentsspreading it around. Proceedings <strong>of</strong> the New Zealand Water and Wastes Conference, Christchurch, 22– 24 September 1999. pp. 137–144. Boothroyd, I.; Stark, J. 2000: Use <strong>of</strong> invertebrates in monitoring. In Collier, K. J. & Winterbourn, M. J. Eds. New Zealand stream invertebrates: Ecology and implications for management. New Zealand Limnological Society. Caxton Press, Christchurch. pp 344-373. Botherway, K. J.; Gardner, J. P. A. 2002: Effect <strong>of</strong> storm drain discharge on the s<strong>of</strong>t shore ecology <strong>of</strong> Porirua Inlet, New Zealand. New Zealand journal <strong>of</strong> marine and freshwater research 36: 241-255. Boxall, A. B. A; Maltby, L. 1995: <strong>The</strong> characterisation and toxicity <strong>of</strong> sediment contaminated with road run<strong>of</strong>f. Water research 29 (9): 2043-2050. Brandt, H. C. A.; De Groot, O. C. 2001: Aqueous leaching <strong>of</strong> polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from bitumen and asphalt. Water Research, Vol. 35, No. 17, pp. 4200-4207, 2001. Brent, R. N.; Herricks, E. E. 1999: A method for the toxicity assessment <strong>of</strong> wet weather events. Water research 33 (10): 2255-2264. Brockbank, C. I.; Batley, G. E. 1996: <strong>Road</strong> run<strong>of</strong>f and its impact on the aquatic environment – Literature review update. CSIRO Division <strong>of</strong> Energy Technology, Centre for Advanced Analytical Chemistry Investigation Report CET/LH/IR522. Prepared for the <strong>Road</strong>s and Traffic Authority <strong>of</strong> New South Wales, December 1996. Brockbank, C. I.; Batley, G. E.; Ball, J. E.; Tilley, J. H. 1999: Metals and hydrocarbons in stormwater run<strong>of</strong>f from urban roads. CSIRO Division <strong>of</strong> Energy Technology, Centre for Advanced Analytical Chemistry Investigation Report ET/IR98R. Prepared for the <strong>Road</strong>s and Traffic Authority <strong>of</strong> New South Wales, January 1999. Brookes, A. 1988: Channelised Rivers: Perspectives for Environmental Management. John Wiley & Sons, New York. Brown, J. N.; Peake, B. M. 2001: Chemical Contamination <strong>of</strong> New Zealand Urban Stormwater: Levels, Partitioning and Implications for Treatment. In Proceedings <strong>of</strong> the CWRA BC Branch 2001 Conference – Changing Water Environments: Research and Practice, Whistler, B.C., Canada, 8-11 May, 2001. Brown, J.; Peake, B.; Robinson, D; Schmid, O. 2003: Partitioning <strong>of</strong> chemical contaminants in urban stormwater. Third South Pacific Stormwater Conference, Auckland, May 2003. Buckland, S. J.; Jones, P. D.; Ellis, H. K. 1998. Organochlorines in New Zealand: ambient concentrations <strong>of</strong> selected organochlorines in rivers. Wellington, New Zealand Ministry for the environment. Burton, G. A.; Pitt, R. E. 2002: Stormwater effects handbook. A toolbox for watershed managers, Scientists, and engineers. Lewis Publishers. Boca Raton. Campbell, K. R. 1994: Concentrations <strong>of</strong> heavy metals associated with urban run<strong>of</strong>f in fish living in stormwater treatment ponds. Archives <strong>of</strong> environmental. Contamination and toxicology. 27: 352-356. Cannon, H. L.; Bowles, J. M. 1962: Contamination <strong>of</strong> vegetation by tetraethyl lead. Science 137: 765- 766. Kingett Mitchell Ltd Resource & Environmental Consultants
Page 1:
The Effect
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Intentionally Blank ii
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ii 4.2 Particulates in Urban Run<st
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iv 7. IDENTIFICATION OF ENVIRONMENT
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vi MW Molecular weight N Nitrogen N
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2 1. Moncrieff, I.; Kennedy, P. 200
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4 Table 2.1 - Contaminant Source Cl
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6 mg/kg) and Zn (25-34,500 mg/kg).
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8 Bitumen Bitumen is produced in Ne
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10 differences between petrol and d
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12 on the nature of</strong
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14 As such, available information i
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16 An examination of</stron
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18 Yang et al. (1999) examined the
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20 to elevated concentrations in ty
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22 sample of overs
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24 suspension and that carried as b
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26 Figure 4.1 - Variation in the co
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28 Figure 4.2 - Variation in the co
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30 Metal Cu Cd Pb Zn Table 4.6 - Su
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32 probably reflect lower traffic d
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34 (1995) provide a general review
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36 Further data can be found in the
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38 by ARC (1994) indicated that TPH
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40 Cations/Anions Common ionic cons
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42 Catchpits Between the street sur
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44 5 PATHWAYS & FATE OF CONTAMINANT
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46 The material wh
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48 crystalline species present were
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50 Figure 5.1 - Percentage
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52 short (e.g., < 1 day). In water,
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54 5.4.2 Dispersion Dilution and di
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56 5.6 Summary The
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58 6.2 Freshwater Ecosystems 6.2.1
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60 General Assessment Tools Commonl
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62 3. Increasing sediment inputs. 4
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64 considered that taxa richness wa
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66 Freshwater macro-invertebrate me
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68 runoff to fish
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70 deposition, tracking of<
Page 82 and 83: 72 one factor used to classify orga
Page 84 and 85: 74 Zinc Measurement of</str
Page 86 and 87: 76 in stormwater and receiving wate
Page 88 and 89: 78 minute; sub-mitochondrial partic
Page 90 and 91: 80 Toxicity tests have undertaken u
Page 92 and 93: 82 High molecular weight PAHs are t
Page 94 and 95: 84 Note: Sources refer Table 5.2. F
Page 96 and 97: 86 Although a range of</str
Page 98 and 99: 88 Bioaccumulation can be assessed
Page 100 and 101: 90 Figure 6.2 - metal concentration
Page 102 and 103: 92 6.5.3 Bioaccumulation of
Page 104 and 105: 94 Water Stormwater quality data fr
Page 106 and 107: 96 7. IDENTIFICATION OF ENVIRONMENT
Page 108 and 109: 98 3. Echinoderm (Fellaster zelandi
Page 110 and 111: 100 trace metals (probably Cu and Z
Page 112 and 113: 102 concentrations of</stro
Page 114 and 115: 104 that “concentrations
Page 116 and 117: 106 A large amount of</stro
Page 118 and 119: 108 A review of se
Page 120 and 121: 110 Samples of man
Page 122 and 123: 112 grazers such as mud flat snails
Page 124 and 125: 114 8. OVERVIEW 8.1 Vehicles as sou
Page 126 and 127: 116 The quality <s
Page 128 and 129: 118 International studies have show
Page 130 and 131: 120 A number of st
Page 134 and 135: 124 Carey, J.; Cook, P.; Ciesy, J.;
Page 136 and 137: 126 Ellis, J. B. 1986: Pollutional
Page 138 and 139: 128 Harrop D. O. 1984: Stormwater r
Page 140 and 141: 130 Kennedy, P. C.; Kjellstrom, T.
Page 142 and 143: 132 Maltby, L. A.; Boxall, D. M.; F
Page 144 and 145: 134 Novotny, V.; Muehring, D.; Zito
Page 146 and 147: 136 Ruck, J. 1998: Evaluation <stro
Page 148 and 149: 138 Terracciano, S. A.; O’Brien,
Page 150 and 151: 140 Webster, J. G.; Brown, K. L.; W
Page 152: 142 10. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Thanks to
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The Effects of Road Transport on Freshwater and Marine Ecosystems

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