The Effects of Road Transport on Freshwater and Marine Ecosystems

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128 Harrop D. O. 1984: Stormwater run<strong>of</strong>f and water quality in urban sediments. Ph.D thesis, Urban Pollution Research Centre, Middlesex Polytechnic, London. Heaney, J. P.; Huber, W. C.; Nix, S. J. 1976: Stormwater management model. Level 1 Preliminary screening procedures. EPA Report No. 66/2-76-275. Heany, J. P.; Pitt, R.; Field, R. 1999: Innovative urban wet-weather flow management systems. EPA Report No. 600/R-99/029. Helmers, E. 1996: Elements accompanying platinum emitted from automobile catalysts. Chemosphere, 33(3): 405-419. Herricks, E. E. 1995: Section 2 (Impacts) Summary. In Herricks, E. E. Ed Stormwater run<strong>of</strong>f and receiving systems. Impact, monitoring and assessment. pp 23-40. CRC Lewis Publishers. Boca Raton. Hewitt, C. N.; Rashed, M. B. 1990: An integrated budget for selected pollutants for a major rural highway. <strong>The</strong> science <strong>of</strong> the total environment. 93: 375-384. Hickey, C.; Roper, D. 1994: Water quality – testing for toxicity in our aquatic environment. Water & atmosphere 2(4): 11-14. Hickey, C. 1998: Sediment toxicity tests. Presentation at a workshop on contaminant toxicity in aquatic ecosystems tools and approaches for New Zealand. 21-22 May 1998. NIWA. Hickey, C. W. 1999: Multispecies assessment <strong>of</strong> water and sediment toxicity associated with urban and industrial stormwater treatment ponds. How effective are ponds as a toxicity reduction system. In comprehensive stormwater and aquatic ecosystem management. First South Pacific Conference. 22-26 February 1999. Auckland. pp 195-204. Hickey, C. W. 2000: Ecotoxicology: laboratory and field approaches. In Collier, K. J. & Winterbourn, M. J. Eds. New Zealand stream invertebrates: Ecology and implications for management. New Zealand Limnological Society. Caxton Press, Christchurch. Pp 313-343. Hickey, C. W.; Roper, D. S.; Buckland, S. 1995: metal concentrations <strong>of</strong> resident and transplanted freshwater mussels Hyridella menziesi (Unionacea: Hyriidae) and sediments in the Waikato River, New Zealand. <strong>The</strong> science <strong>of</strong> the total environment 175: 163-177. Hickey, C. W.; Buckland, S. J.; Hannah, D. J.; Roper, D. S.; Stuben, K. 1997: Polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine pesticides in the freshwater mussel Hyridella menziesi from the Waikato River, New Zealand. Bulletin <strong>of</strong> environmental contamination and toxicology 59: 106-112. Hickey, C. W.; Golding, L. A.; Martin, M. C. 1997: Assessment <strong>of</strong> water and suspended sediment toxicity to freshwater and marine species associated with stormwater treatment facilities. Report prepared by NIWA for Auckland Regional Council July 1997. Report ARC 70219. Higney, E.; Olive, V.; MacKenzie, A. B.; Pulford, I. D. 2002: Isotope dilution ICP-MS analysis <strong>of</strong> platinum in road dusts from west central Scotland. Applied Geochemistry, 17(8): 1123-1129. Hodge, V. F.; Stallard, M. O. 1986: Platinum and palladium in roadside dust. Environmental science and technology, Vol. 20, No. 10, 1986. H<strong>of</strong>fman, E. J.; Latimer, J. S.; Hunt, C. D.; Mills, G. L.; Quinn, J. G. 1985: Stormwater run<strong>of</strong>f from highways. Water air and soil pollution, 25 (4): 349-364. Hunter, J. V.; Sabatino, T.; Gomperts, R; MacKenzie, M. J. 1979: Contribution <strong>of</strong> urban run<strong>of</strong>f to hydrocarbon pollution. Journal water pollution control federation 51(8): 2129-2138. Kingett Mitchell Ltd Resource & Environmental Consultants
129 Hrabik, T. R.; Watras, C. J. 2002: Recent declines in mercury concentration in a freshwater fishery: isolating the effects <strong>of</strong> de-acidification and decreased atmospheric mercury deposition in Little Rock Lake. <strong>The</strong> science <strong>of</strong> the total environment 297: 229-237. Hvitved-Jacobsen, T.; Yousef, Y. A. 1991: Highway run<strong>of</strong>f quality, Environmental impacts and control. In Highway Pollution. Vol 44, Studies in Environmental Science, Elseveir Science Publishers, Amsterdam, Neth. Irish, L. B.; Lesso, W. G.; Barrett, M. E.; Malina, J. F.; Charbeneau, R. J.; Ward, R. J. 1995: An evaluation <strong>of</strong> the factors affecting the quality <strong>of</strong> highway run<strong>of</strong>f in the Austin, Texas area. Centre for Research in Water Resources, Technical Report CRWR 264. University <strong>of</strong> Texas at Austin. September 1995. Jarvis, K. E.; Parry, S. J.; Piper, J. M. 2001: Temporal and spatial studies <strong>of</strong> autocatalyst-derived platinum, rhodium and palladium and selected vehicle-derived trace elements in the environment. Environmental Science and Technology, 2001, 35, 1031-1036. Jellyman, D. 1987(a): Freshwater fisheries and impact assessment. Freshwater catch 32: 22-24. Jellyman, D. 1987b: <strong>The</strong> use <strong>of</strong> fish in impact assessment. Freshwater catch 33: 13-15. Jefferies, D. J.; French. M. C. 1972: Lead concentrations in small mammals trapped in roadside verges and field sites. Environmental pollution, 3: 147-156. Jensen, K. H.; Rauch, S.; Morrison, G. M.; Linmdberg, P. 2002: Platinum group elements in the feathers <strong>of</strong> raptors and their prey. <strong>The</strong> seventh international highway and urban pollution symposium, Barcelona, Spain. 20-23 May 2002. Jolly, V. H.; Brown, J. M. A. eds 1975: New Zealand lakes. Auckland University Press, Oxford University Press. Karouna-Reiner, N. K.; Sparling, D. W. 2001: Relationships between ambient geochemistry, watershed land-use and trace metal concentrations in aquatic invertebrates living in stormwater treatment ponds. Environmental pollution, 112: 183-192. Kennedy, K. 1995: A statistical analysis <strong>of</strong> TxDOT highway storm water run<strong>of</strong>f: Comparisons with the existing north central Texas municipal storm water database. North Central Texas Council <strong>of</strong> Governments November 1995. Kennedy, P. 2000: Ministry <strong>of</strong> <strong>Transport</strong> contaminants database. Support manual. Report prepared for New Zealand Ministry <strong>of</strong> <strong>Transport</strong> by Kingett Mitchell Ltd. September 2000. Kennedy, P. 2003: Metals in particulate material on road surfaces. Prepared by Kingett Mitchell Limited for New Zealand Ministry <strong>of</strong> <strong>Transport</strong>. October 2003. Kennedy, P.; Gadd, J. 2000: Preliminary examination <strong>of</strong> inorganic compounds present in tyres, brake pads and road bitumen in New Zealand. Prepared by Kingett Mitchell Ltd for Ministry <strong>of</strong> <strong>Transport</strong>, November 2000. Revised October 2003. Kennedy, P.; Gadd, J. 2002: Evaluation <strong>of</strong> road surface contaminant loadings in Waitakere City for the development <strong>of</strong> the vehicle emission model water. Prepared by Kingett Mitchell Ltd for Ministry <strong>of</strong> <strong>Transport</strong>, December 2002. Revised October 2003. Kennedy, P.; Gadd, J.; Moncrieff, I. 2002: Emission factors for contaminants released by motor vehicles. Report prepared by Kingett Mitchell Ltd for Ministry <strong>of</strong> <strong>Transport</strong> and Infrastructure Auckland. August 2002. Kingett Mitchell Ltd Resource & Environmental Consultants
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The Effect
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Intentionally Blank ii
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ii 4.2 Particulates in Urban Run<st
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iv 7. IDENTIFICATION OF ENVIRONMENT
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vi MW Molecular weight N Nitrogen N
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2 1. Moncrieff, I.; Kennedy, P. 200
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4 Table 2.1 - Contaminant Source Cl
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6 mg/kg) and Zn (25-34,500 mg/kg).
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8 Bitumen Bitumen is produced in Ne
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10 differences between petrol and d
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12 on the nature of</strong
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14 As such, available information i
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16 An examination of</stron
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18 Yang et al. (1999) examined the
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20 to elevated concentrations in ty
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22 sample of overs
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24 suspension and that carried as b
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26 Figure 4.1 - Variation in the co
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28 Figure 4.2 - Variation in the co
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30 Metal Cu Cd Pb Zn Table 4.6 - Su
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32 probably reflect lower traffic d
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34 (1995) provide a general review
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36 Further data can be found in the
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38 by ARC (1994) indicated that TPH
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40 Cations/Anions Common ionic cons
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42 Catchpits Between the street sur
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44 5 PATHWAYS & FATE OF CONTAMINANT
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46 The material wh
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48 crystalline species present were
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50 Figure 5.1 - Percentage
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52 short (e.g., < 1 day). In water,
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54 5.4.2 Dispersion Dilution and di
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56 5.6 Summary The
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58 6.2 Freshwater Ecosystems 6.2.1
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60 General Assessment Tools Commonl
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62 3. Increasing sediment inputs. 4
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64 considered that taxa richness wa
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66 Freshwater macro-invertebrate me
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68 runoff to fish
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70 deposition, tracking of<
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72 one factor used to classify orga
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74 Zinc Measurement of</str
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76 in stormwater and receiving wate
Page 88 and 89: 78 minute; sub-mitochondrial partic
Page 90 and 91: 80 Toxicity tests have undertaken u
Page 92 and 93: 82 High molecular weight PAHs are t
Page 94 and 95: 84 Note: Sources refer Table 5.2. F
Page 96 and 97: 86 Although a range of</str
Page 98 and 99: 88 Bioaccumulation can be assessed
Page 100 and 101: 90 Figure 6.2 - metal concentration
Page 102 and 103: 92 6.5.3 Bioaccumulation of
Page 104 and 105: 94 Water Stormwater quality data fr
Page 106 and 107: 96 7. IDENTIFICATION OF ENVIRONMENT
Page 108 and 109: 98 3. Echinoderm (Fellaster zelandi
Page 110 and 111: 100 trace metals (probably Cu and Z
Page 112 and 113: 102 concentrations of</stro
Page 114 and 115: 104 that “concentrations
Page 116 and 117: 106 A large amount of</stro
Page 118 and 119: 108 A review of se
Page 120 and 121: 110 Samples of man
Page 122 and 123: 112 grazers such as mud flat snails
Page 124 and 125: 114 8. OVERVIEW 8.1 Vehicles as sou
Page 126 and 127: 116 The quality <s
Page 128 and 129: 118 International studies have show
Page 130 and 131: 120 A number of st
Page 132 and 133: 122 construction. Center for Resear
Page 134 and 135: 124 Carey, J.; Cook, P.; Ciesy, J.;
Page 136 and 137: 126 Ellis, J. B. 1986: Pollutional
Page 140 and 141: 130 Kennedy, P. C.; Kjellstrom, T.
Page 142 and 143: 132 Maltby, L. A.; Boxall, D. M.; F
Page 144 and 145: 134 Novotny, V.; Muehring, D.; Zito
Page 146 and 147: 136 Ruck, J. 1998: Evaluation <stro
Page 148 and 149: 138 Terracciano, S. A.; O’Brien,
Page 150 and 151: 140 Webster, J. G.; Brown, K. L.; W
Page 152: 142 10. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Thanks to
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The Effects of Road Transport on Freshwater and Marine Ecosystems

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