The Effects of Road Transport on Freshwater and Marine Ecosystems

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84 Note: Sources refer Table 5.2. For PAHs in detention pond sediments, the lower sediment quality guidelines are typically exceeded (e.g., the TEL and ER-L). 6.4.3 Stream, wetlands and Lake Sediments Stormwater within urban areas is typically routed to the closest water body which is typically a stream or channel in heavily urbanised areas. <strong>The</strong>re are a number <strong>of</strong> New Zealand urban centres which contain urban lakes. In Hamilton, there is Hamilton Lake; in North Shore City, Lake Pupuke and in Auckland City, Western Springs. Several cities are located on the shores <strong>of</strong> larger lakes such as Taupo on Lake Taupo; Rotorua on Lake Rotorua and Queenstown on Lake Wanaka. Freshwater wetlands on streams in urban areas will act in a similar fashion to a detention pond. Sediment quality data collected adjacent to an outfall to Hamilton Lake revealed elevated concentrations <strong>of</strong> Pb and Zn in particular that exceeded ER-L and ER-M sediment quality guidelines (Rajendram 1992 in Snelder & Trueman 1995). <strong>The</strong>re have been a number <strong>of</strong> studies <strong>of</strong> sediment quality in urban streams in New Zealand. Data has also been collected on urban stream quality in most large urban areas. <strong>The</strong>re is considerable data for Auckland Streams such as those in Waitakere City (e.g., Kingett Mitchell 2000). <strong>The</strong> results <strong>of</strong> that study showed that the common transport related contaminants (Cu, Pb and Zn) exceeded the ER-L in a high proportion <strong>of</strong> urban catchment samples. Fig. 6.2 illustrates the variation in key trace element concentrations in catchments with varying landuse. <strong>The</strong> catchments at the top <strong>of</strong> the figure tend to be rural with the catchments in the lower part <strong>of</strong> the figure completely urban. Titirangi/Langholm is a bush urban catchment (Kingett Mitchell 2000. Accumulation <strong>of</strong> contaminants in lakes is a function <strong>of</strong> the local physical characteristics <strong>of</strong> the lake and lake-bed near the discharge. Macaskill et al. (2003) identified low concentrations <strong>of</strong> key contaminants near stormwater outfalls in Lake Rotorua. Yousef et al. (1984) assessed the fate <strong>of</strong> metals discharged from highway bridges in Florida to Lake Ivanhoe (Maitland interchange). Differences in the concentration <strong>of</strong> a number <strong>of</strong> elements (Zn, Pb, Cr, Ni, Cu, Fe) were identified below bridge discharge points compared to normal lake concentrations. Gjessing et al. (1984) also examined the effect <strong>of</strong> highway run<strong>of</strong>f on Lake Padderudvann in Norway. Concentrations <strong>of</strong> Pb, Zn and Cd were elevated and exceeded guidelines such as the ER-L and TEL and in the case <strong>of</strong> lead the PEL. Given the concentration <strong>of</strong> Cu, Pb and Zn in the suspended sediments <strong>of</strong> stormwater draining roads, exceedence <strong>of</strong> sediment quality guidelines would be expected in areas where stormwater particulates are deposited. Depending upon the ratio <strong>of</strong> stormwater sediment to uncontaminated stream sediments, elements such as Pb and Zn may exceed guidelines at which adverse effects (on benthic freshwater organisms) could be expected to occur. In urban areas however, streams may not receive their normal supply <strong>of</strong> sediments and as a result sediments derived from roadways and other urbanised sources may dominate the sediments in the stream. Trace element concentrations in urban streams are approximately related to the amount <strong>of</strong> impervious cover and time since urbanisation within the catchment For lakes, the sediment contaminant concentration will depend on the distribution and build-up <strong>of</strong> contaminants in the lake-bed following stormwater discharge to the lake. Contaminant build-up in small lakes with low natural sediment budgets would be expected. Available data indicates that contaminant concentrations in lake sediment adjacent to stormwater discharges from roads can approach and exceed sediment quality guidelines. Kingett Mitchell Ltd Resource & Environmental Consultants
85 Lead (mg/kg) Zinc (mg/kg) Upper Opanuku ISQG 35 ERL 46.7 PEL 91.3 ERM 218 Upper Oratia Upper Sw anson Glen Eden Birdw ood Upper Oratia West Harbour Whenuapai Upper Opanuku Whenuapai Titirangi Laingholm Titirangi Laingholm Redhills Upper Kumeu Massey East Low er Opanuku Titirangi Laingholm Massey Upper Sw anson Waimoko Henderson Ck Sth Paremuku Ranui Rew arew a Te Atatu South Wairau Creek Lincoln Avondale Stream New Lynn East Upper Glen Eden 0 15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 150 Whenuapai ISQG 123 ERL 150 PEL 315 ERM 410 West Harbour Redhills Whenuapai Birdw ood Upper Sw anson Upper Oratia Upper Kumeu Massey Upper Opanuku Titirangi Laingholm Upper Opanuku Upper Sw anson Waimoko Upper Oratia Titirangi Laingholm Titirangi Laingholm Massey East Glen Eden Henderson Ck Sth Upper Glen Eden Low er Opanuku Rew arew a Ranui Te Atatu South Lincoln New Lynn East Wairau Creek Avondale Stream Paremuku 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 Figure 6.2 – Lead and zinc in Waitakere City Streams. Concentrations mg/kg. <strong>The</strong> SQGs on the figures are the CCME and Long et al (1995) sediment quality guidance values. <strong>The</strong> ANZECC (2000) ISQG-low and high are 50/220 mg/kg for Pb and 200/410 mg/kg for Zn (from Kingett Mitchell 2000). 6.4.4 Sediment Toxicity <strong>The</strong> accumulation <strong>of</strong> contaminants in freshwater and marine sediments has the potential to create toxic conditions for invertebrates inhabiting the sediments. Toxicity however results from only a proportion <strong>of</strong> the contaminant present. As such total contaminant measurements do not provide an accurate reflection <strong>of</strong> potential toxicity. A number <strong>of</strong> studies have shown that sediment with the same concentration <strong>of</strong> metal can have different toxicity. Sediments with significantly differing concentrations <strong>of</strong> a metal can exhibit similar toxicity (Di Toro et al. 1990). Kingett Mitchell Ltd Resource & Environmental Consultants
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The Effect
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Intentionally Blank ii
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ii 4.2 Particulates in Urban Run<st
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iv 7. IDENTIFICATION OF ENVIRONMENT
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vi MW Molecular weight N Nitrogen N
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2 1. Moncrieff, I.; Kennedy, P. 200
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4 Table 2.1 - Contaminant Source Cl
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6 mg/kg) and Zn (25-34,500 mg/kg).
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12 on the nature of</strong
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14 As such, available information i
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16 An examination of</stron
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18 Yang et al. (1999) examined the
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20 to elevated concentrations in ty
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22 sample of overs
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24 suspension and that carried as b
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26 Figure 4.1 - Variation in the co
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28 Figure 4.2 - Variation in the co
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30 Metal Cu Cd Pb Zn Table 4.6 - Su
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32 probably reflect lower traffic d
Page 44 and 45: 34 (1995) provide a general review
Page 46 and 47: 36 Further data can be found in the
Page 48 and 49: 38 by ARC (1994) indicated that TPH
Page 50 and 51: 40 Cations/Anions Common ionic cons
Page 52 and 53: 42 Catchpits Between the street sur
Page 54 and 55: 44 5 PATHWAYS & FATE OF CONTAMINANT
Page 56 and 57: 46 The material wh
Page 58 and 59: 48 crystalline species present were
Page 60 and 61: 50 Figure 5.1 - Percentage
Page 62 and 63: 52 short (e.g., < 1 day). In water,
Page 64 and 65: 54 5.4.2 Dispersion Dilution and di
Page 66 and 67: 56 5.6 Summary The
Page 68 and 69: 58 6.2 Freshwater Ecosystems 6.2.1
Page 70 and 71: 60 General Assessment Tools Commonl
Page 72 and 73: 62 3. Increasing sediment inputs. 4
Page 74 and 75: 64 considered that taxa richness wa
Page 76 and 77: 66 Freshwater macro-invertebrate me
Page 78 and 79: 68 runoff to fish
Page 80 and 81: 70 deposition, tracking of<
Page 82 and 83: 72 one factor used to classify orga
Page 84 and 85: 74 Zinc Measurement of</str
Page 86 and 87: 76 in stormwater and receiving wate
Page 88 and 89: 78 minute; sub-mitochondrial partic
Page 90 and 91: 80 Toxicity tests have undertaken u
Page 92 and 93: 82 High molecular weight PAHs are t
Page 96 and 97: 86 Although a range of</str
Page 98 and 99: 88 Bioaccumulation can be assessed
Page 100 and 101: 90 Figure 6.2 - metal concentration
Page 102 and 103: 92 6.5.3 Bioaccumulation of
Page 104 and 105: 94 Water Stormwater quality data fr
Page 106 and 107: 96 7. IDENTIFICATION OF ENVIRONMENT
Page 108 and 109: 98 3. Echinoderm (Fellaster zelandi
Page 110 and 111: 100 trace metals (probably Cu and Z
Page 112 and 113: 102 concentrations of</stro
Page 114 and 115: 104 that “concentrations
Page 116 and 117: 106 A large amount of</stro
Page 118 and 119: 108 A review of se
Page 120 and 121: 110 Samples of man
Page 122 and 123: 112 grazers such as mud flat snails
Page 124 and 125: 114 8. OVERVIEW 8.1 Vehicles as sou
Page 126 and 127: 116 The quality <s
Page 128 and 129: 118 International studies have show
Page 130 and 131: 120 A number of st
Page 132 and 133: 122 construction. Center for Resear
Page 134 and 135: 124 Carey, J.; Cook, P.; Ciesy, J.;
Page 136 and 137: 126 Ellis, J. B. 1986: Pollutional
Page 138 and 139: 128 Harrop D. O. 1984: Stormwater r
Page 140 and 141: 130 Kennedy, P. C.; Kjellstrom, T.
Page 142 and 143: 132 Maltby, L. A.; Boxall, D. M.; F
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134 Novotny, V.; Muehring, D.; Zito
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136 Ruck, J. 1998: Evaluation <stro
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138 Terracciano, S. A.; O’Brien,
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140 Webster, J. G.; Brown, K. L.; W
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142 10. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Thanks to
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The Effects of Road Transport on Freshwater and Marine Ecosystems

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