The Effects of Road Transport on Freshwater and Marine Ecosystems

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56 5.6 Summary <strong>The</strong> pathways <strong>of</strong> road transport-derived material and contaminants can be placed into two broad categories: Atmospheric dispersion with consequent wet and dry deposition. <strong>Transport</strong> via stormwater to freshwater and estuarine/marine environments with subsequent dispersion <strong>of</strong> material depending upon environmental conditions. <strong>The</strong> fate <strong>of</strong> road transport-derived materials and contaminants is dependent upon the nature <strong>of</strong> the material and contaminant. <strong>The</strong> following broad points can be made: Inorganic and recalcitrant particulates will settle close to the discharge point if large enough. Dispersion will be dependent upon physical processes but will typically result in accumulation <strong>of</strong> particles in the closest depositional environment (pond, lake, river, estuary, coastal shelf). Metals will be transported in dissolved and particulate phases. <strong>The</strong> proportion is dependent on the element. In the receiving environment, the proportion will change depending upon the environmental conditions that prevail (in terms <strong>of</strong> pH, eH and other factors). VOCs will be subject to a variety <strong>of</strong> processes that result in the elimination <strong>of</strong> the VOC from the receiving waters. <strong>The</strong> pathway will be dependent upon season and a variety <strong>of</strong> other factors. <strong>The</strong> fate <strong>of</strong> different VOCs will differ depending upon their properties. SVOCs such as PAHs will be subject to degradation and other processes (such as biological uptake) which will in the long term result in their loss from the receiving environment. Changes in the receiving environment will be dependent upon the balance achieved between their inward flux and their loss. Recalcitrant organic compounds such as MTBE will accumulate with the actual concentration depending upon the inward flux to the receiving water and their slow loss (e.g., by bio-degradation). Kingett Mitchell Ltd Resource & Environmental Consultants
57 6. ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS IN FRESHWATER ENVIRONMENTS 6.1 Introduction Freshwater environments in New Zealand include a diverse range <strong>of</strong> waterbodies from lakes to small lowland streams and large rivers (refer references such as Jolly & Brown 1975, Viner 1987, Collier & Winterbourne 2000). This section <strong>of</strong> the report discusses the issues and effects associated with the entry <strong>of</strong> road run<strong>of</strong>f into freshwater receiving environments. <strong>The</strong> key issues associated with the discharge <strong>of</strong> stormwater derived from roads into freshwaters are: Hydrological effects <strong>Effects</strong> on water quality. <strong>Effects</strong> on freshwater ecosystem (i.e., the biological community). <strong>Effects</strong> on sediment quantity and quality. Bioaccumulation (the uptake <strong>of</strong> contaminants by freshwater organisms). As noted in the introduction <strong>of</strong> this report, this reports deals with the non-physical effects <strong>of</strong> stormwater from roads and as such, hydrological issues associated with imperviousness are not dealt with. Herricks (1995), Burton & Pitt (2002) and Schueler (2003) provide comprehensive reviews <strong>of</strong> the effects <strong>of</strong> urban run<strong>of</strong>f on freshwater environments. Table 6.1 provides an overview <strong>of</strong> the key impacts (toxic substances, clarity) that may be attributed to roadway run<strong>of</strong>f. Reviews <strong>of</strong> the effects <strong>of</strong> urban run<strong>of</strong>f on New Zealand streams can be found in Williamson (1993) and Suren (2000). <strong>The</strong> methods and tools currently used to assess environmental effects within freshwater environments are discussed to identify whether the tools are sufficient to determine the effects <strong>of</strong> road transport contaminant emissions on the environment. Table 6.1 - General impacts <strong>of</strong> urban run<strong>of</strong>f, which can be partly attributed to road transport. Input Suspended sediment Metals Organic compounds Hydrocarbons • Change in bed characteristics • Blanketing <strong>of</strong> existing bed Effect • Change in organic carbon status and redox status • Toxicity (acute and chronic effects) • Bioaccumulation • Secondary effects arising from toxicity (elimination <strong>of</strong> sensitive species) • Change in sediment quality • Toxicity (acute and chronic effects) • Bioaccumulation • Secondary effects arising from toxicity (elimination <strong>of</strong> sensitive species) • Change in sediment quality • Aesthetics • Chronic toxicity Kingett Mitchell Ltd Resource & Environmental Consultants
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The Effect
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ii 4.2 Particulates in Urban Run<st
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iv 7. IDENTIFICATION OF ENVIRONMENT
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vi MW Molecular weight N Nitrogen N
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2 1. Moncrieff, I.; Kennedy, P. 200
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4 Table 2.1 - Contaminant Source Cl
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Page 28 and 29: 18 Yang et al. (1999) examined the
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Page 36 and 37: 26 Figure 4.1 - Variation in the co
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Page 44 and 45: 34 (1995) provide a general review
Page 46 and 47: 36 Further data can be found in the
Page 48 and 49: 38 by ARC (1994) indicated that TPH
Page 50 and 51: 40 Cations/Anions Common ionic cons
Page 52 and 53: 42 Catchpits Between the street sur
Page 54 and 55: 44 5 PATHWAYS & FATE OF CONTAMINANT
Page 56 and 57: 46 The material wh
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Page 60 and 61: 50 Figure 5.1 - Percentage
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Page 64 and 65: 54 5.4.2 Dispersion Dilution and di
Page 68 and 69: 58 6.2 Freshwater Ecosystems 6.2.1
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Page 98 and 99: 88 Bioaccumulation can be assessed
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Page 102 and 103: 92 6.5.3 Bioaccumulation of
Page 104 and 105: 94 Water Stormwater quality data fr
Page 106 and 107: 96 7. IDENTIFICATION OF ENVIRONMENT
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Page 110 and 111: 100 trace metals (probably Cu and Z
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106 A large amount of</stro
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108 A review of se
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110 Samples of man
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112 grazers such as mud flat snails
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114 8. OVERVIEW 8.1 Vehicles as sou
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116 The quality <s
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118 International studies have show
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120 A number of st
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122 construction. Center for Resear
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124 Carey, J.; Cook, P.; Ciesy, J.;
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126 Ellis, J. B. 1986: Pollutional
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128 Harrop D. O. 1984: Stormwater r
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130 Kennedy, P. C.; Kjellstrom, T.
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132 Maltby, L. A.; Boxall, D. M.; F
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134 Novotny, V.; Muehring, D.; Zito
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136 Ruck, J. 1998: Evaluation <stro
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138 Terracciano, S. A.; O’Brien,
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140 Webster, J. G.; Brown, K. L.; W
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142 10. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Thanks to
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The Effects of Road Transport on Freshwater and Marine Ecosystems

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