The Effects of Road Transport on Freshwater and Marine Ecosystems

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126 Ellis, J. B. 1986: Pollutional aspects <strong>of</strong> urban run<strong>of</strong>f. In Torno, H. C.; Marselek, J.; Desbordes, M. eds. Urban run<strong>of</strong>f pollution. NATO ASI Series Bol g10, p1-37. Ellis, J. B.; Revitt, D. M. 1989: Traffic related pollution on highway surfaces. Research Report 18. Urban pollution. Middlesex Polytechnic, research and consultancy. July 1989. ERMA, 1999: Interim guide to the specifications for hazardous substances under the HSNO Act. Draft document under review. ERMA January 1999. Evans, J. J.; Shoemaker, C. A.; Klesius, P. H. 2000: In vivo and in-vitro effects <strong>of</strong> benzothiazole on sheepshead minnow (Cyprinodon variegates). Marine environmental research 50: 257-261. Faure, P.; Landais, P.; Schlepp, L.; Michels, R. 2000. Evidence for diffuse contamination <strong>of</strong> river sediments by road asphalt particles. Environmental Science and Technology, 2000, 34, 1174-1181. FDEP, 1994: Approach to the assessment <strong>of</strong> sediment quality in Florida coastal waters, Vol. 1. Development and evaluation <strong>of</strong> sediment quality assessment guidelines. Prepared for Florida Department <strong>of</strong> Environmental Protection, Office <strong>of</strong> Water Policy, Tallahassee, Fl, by MacDonald Environmental Sciences Ltd., Ladysmith, British Columbia. Fergusson, J. E. 1993: Sources, pathways and sinks <strong>of</strong> lead in the natural and modified environment. In Hay, J. E.; de Mora, S. J. Eds. Lead in the New Zealand Environment. pp 4-25. Proceedings <strong>of</strong> a conference organised by Environmental Source at the University <strong>of</strong> Auckland. August 1-2, 1988. Fergusson, J. E.; R. W.; Tan, S. Y.; Sin, H. T. 1980: Heavy metal pollution by traffic in Christchurch, New Zealand: lead and cadmium content <strong>of</strong> dust, soil and plant samples. New Zealand journal <strong>of</strong> science, 23: 292-310. Fergusson, J. E.; Simmonds, P. R. 1983: Heavy metal pollution at an intersection involving a busy urban road in Christchurch, New Zealand. 1. Levels <strong>of</strong> Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb in street dust. New Zealand journal <strong>of</strong> science 26: 219-228. Fergusson, J. E.; Ryan, D. E. 1984: <strong>The</strong> elemental composition <strong>of</strong> street dust from large and small urban areas related to city type source and particle size. <strong>The</strong> science <strong>of</strong> the total environment 34: 101-116. Fletcher, I. J.; Pratt, C. J.; Elliott, G. E. P. 1978: An assessment <strong>of</strong> the importance <strong>of</strong> roadside gully pots in determining the quality <strong>of</strong> stormwater run<strong>of</strong>f. In Helliwell, P. R. Ed. Urban storm drainage: Proceedings <strong>of</strong> the International Conference held at the University <strong>of</strong> Southampton, April, 1978, pp 586-602. Pentech Press, London. Fletcher, I. J.; Pratt, C. J. 1981: Mathematical simulation <strong>of</strong> pollutant contributions to urban run<strong>of</strong>f from roadside gullypots. In Urban Stormwater Quality, Management and Planning (Edited by Yen B. C.), pp. 116-124. Water Resources Publications, Colo. Folkeson, L. 1994: Environmental effects <strong>of</strong> highway run<strong>of</strong>f water – a literature review. Swedish National <strong>Road</strong> and <strong>Transport</strong> Research Institute. VTI Report No 391A. Forstner, U. 1986: Metal speciation in solid wastes – factors affecting mobility. In Landers, L. Ed Speciation <strong>of</strong> metals in water, sediment and soil systems. pp 13-41. Proceedings <strong>of</strong> an international workshop, Sunne October 15-16, 1986. Lecture notes in Earth Sciences 11. Springer Verlag, Berlin. Fraser, M. P.; Cass, G. R.; Simoneit, B. R. T. 1998: Gas-phase and particle-phase organic compounds emitted from motor vehicle traffic in a Los Angeles roadway tunnel. Environmental science & technology 32(14): 2051-2060. Kingett Mitchell Ltd Resource & Environmental Consultants
127 Gadd, J.; Kennedy, P. 2000: Preliminary examination <strong>of</strong> organic compounds present in tyres, brake pads and road bitumen in New Zealand. Prepared by Kingett Mitchell Ltd for Ministry <strong>of</strong> <strong>Transport</strong>, November 2000. Revised October 2003. Garg, B. D.; Cadle, S. H.; Mulawa, P. A.; Groblicki, P. J. 2000: Brake wear particulate matter emissions. Environmental science and technology 34(21): 4463 – 4469. Getz, L. L.; Verner, L.; Prather, M. 1977: Lead concentrations in small mammals living near highways. Environmental pollution 13: 151-156. Gjessing, E.; Lygren, E.; Berglind, L.; Gulbrandsen, T.; Skaane, R. 1984: Effect <strong>of</strong> highway run<strong>of</strong>f on lake water quality. <strong>The</strong> science <strong>of</strong> the total environment 33: 245-257. Goodyear, K. L.; McNeill, S. 1999: Bioaccumulation <strong>of</strong> heavy metals by aquatic macro-invertebrates <strong>of</strong> different feeding guilds: a review. <strong>The</strong> science <strong>of</strong> the total environment 229: 1-19. Gromaire-Mertz, M. C.; Garnaud, S.; Gonzalez, A.; Chebbo, G. 1999: Characterisation <strong>of</strong> urban run<strong>of</strong>f pollution in Paris. Water science technology 39(2): 1-8. Gulson, B. L.; Tiller, K. G.; Mizon, X. J.; Merry, R. H. 1981: Use <strong>of</strong> lead isotones in soils to identify the source <strong>of</strong> lead contamination near Adelaide, South Australia. Environmental science and technology 15: 691-696 Habibi, K. 1973: Characterisation <strong>of</strong> particulate matter in vehicle exhaust. Environmental science and technology 7: 223-234. Hall, J. H. 1998: Whole effluent toxicity tests with native New Zealand species. Presentation at a workshop on contaminant toxicity in aquatic ecosystem tools and approaches for New Zealand. 21-22 May 1998. Wellington. Hall, J. H. 1998: Toxicity tests; what are they and how can we use them. Presentation at a workshop on contaminant toxicity in aquatic ecosystem tools and approaches for New Zealand. 21-22 May 1998. Wellington. Harrison, R. M. 1979: Toxic metals in street and household dusts. <strong>The</strong> science <strong>of</strong> the total environment 11: 89-97. Harrison R. M. 1983: <strong>The</strong> determination <strong>of</strong> concentrations and physico-chemical speciation <strong>of</strong> environmental pollutants. In Pollution: Causes, <strong>Effects</strong> and Control, pp. 67-86. Royal Society <strong>of</strong> Chemistry Special Publication No. 44. Harrison, R. M.; Laxen, D. P. H.; Wilson, S. J. 1981: Chemical associations <strong>of</strong> lead, cadmium, copper, and zinc in street dusts and roadside soils. Environmental science and technology 15(11): 1378-1383. Harrison R. M.; Wilson S. J. 1983 Heavy metal pollution <strong>of</strong> road drainage water. In Proceedings <strong>of</strong> International Conference on Heavy Metals in the Environment (Edited by Perry R., Muller G. and Forstner R.), pp. 684--687. CEP Consultants Ltd, Edinburgh. Harrison, R. M.; Wilson, S. J. 1985: <strong>The</strong> chemical composition <strong>of</strong> highway drainage waters 1 – major ions and selected trace metals. <strong>The</strong> science <strong>of</strong> the total environment. 43: 63-77. Harrison, R. M.; Laxen, D. P. H.; Wilson, S. J. 1985: Chemical associations <strong>of</strong> lead, cadmium, copper, and zinc in street dusts and roadside soils. Environmental science and technology 15: 1378-1383. Hares. R. J.; Ward, N. I. 1999: Comparison <strong>of</strong> the heavy metal content <strong>of</strong> motorway stormwater following discharge into wet bi<strong>of</strong>iltration and dry detention ponds along the London Orbital (M25) motorway. <strong>The</strong> science <strong>of</strong> the total environment 235 (1999): 169-178. Kingett Mitchell Ltd Resource & Environmental Consultants
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The Effect
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Intentionally Blank ii
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ii 4.2 Particulates in Urban Run<st
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iv 7. IDENTIFICATION OF ENVIRONMENT
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vi MW Molecular weight N Nitrogen N
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2 1. Moncrieff, I.; Kennedy, P. 200
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4 Table 2.1 - Contaminant Source Cl
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6 mg/kg) and Zn (25-34,500 mg/kg).
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8 Bitumen Bitumen is produced in Ne
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10 differences between petrol and d
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12 on the nature of</strong
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14 As such, available information i
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16 An examination of</stron
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18 Yang et al. (1999) examined the
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20 to elevated concentrations in ty
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22 sample of overs
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24 suspension and that carried as b
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26 Figure 4.1 - Variation in the co
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28 Figure 4.2 - Variation in the co
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30 Metal Cu Cd Pb Zn Table 4.6 - Su
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32 probably reflect lower traffic d
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34 (1995) provide a general review
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36 Further data can be found in the
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38 by ARC (1994) indicated that TPH
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40 Cations/Anions Common ionic cons
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42 Catchpits Between the street sur
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44 5 PATHWAYS & FATE OF CONTAMINANT
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46 The material wh
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48 crystalline species present were
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50 Figure 5.1 - Percentage
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52 short (e.g., < 1 day). In water,
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54 5.4.2 Dispersion Dilution and di
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56 5.6 Summary The
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58 6.2 Freshwater Ecosystems 6.2.1
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60 General Assessment Tools Commonl
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62 3. Increasing sediment inputs. 4
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64 considered that taxa richness wa
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66 Freshwater macro-invertebrate me
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68 runoff to fish
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70 deposition, tracking of<
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72 one factor used to classify orga
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74 Zinc Measurement of</str
Page 86 and 87: 76 in stormwater and receiving wate
Page 88 and 89: 78 minute; sub-mitochondrial partic
Page 90 and 91: 80 Toxicity tests have undertaken u
Page 92 and 93: 82 High molecular weight PAHs are t
Page 94 and 95: 84 Note: Sources refer Table 5.2. F
Page 96 and 97: 86 Although a range of</str
Page 98 and 99: 88 Bioaccumulation can be assessed
Page 100 and 101: 90 Figure 6.2 - metal concentration
Page 102 and 103: 92 6.5.3 Bioaccumulation of
Page 104 and 105: 94 Water Stormwater quality data fr
Page 106 and 107: 96 7. IDENTIFICATION OF ENVIRONMENT
Page 108 and 109: 98 3. Echinoderm (Fellaster zelandi
Page 110 and 111: 100 trace metals (probably Cu and Z
Page 112 and 113: 102 concentrations of</stro
Page 114 and 115: 104 that “concentrations
Page 116 and 117: 106 A large amount of</stro
Page 118 and 119: 108 A review of se
Page 120 and 121: 110 Samples of man
Page 122 and 123: 112 grazers such as mud flat snails
Page 124 and 125: 114 8. OVERVIEW 8.1 Vehicles as sou
Page 126 and 127: 116 The quality <s
Page 128 and 129: 118 International studies have show
Page 130 and 131: 120 A number of st
Page 132 and 133: 122 construction. Center for Resear
Page 134 and 135: 124 Carey, J.; Cook, P.; Ciesy, J.;
Page 138 and 139: 128 Harrop D. O. 1984: Stormwater r
Page 140 and 141: 130 Kennedy, P. C.; Kjellstrom, T.
Page 142 and 143: 132 Maltby, L. A.; Boxall, D. M.; F
Page 144 and 145: 134 Novotny, V.; Muehring, D.; Zito
Page 146 and 147: 136 Ruck, J. 1998: Evaluation <stro
Page 148 and 149: 138 Terracciano, S. A.; O’Brien,
Page 150 and 151: 140 Webster, J. G.; Brown, K. L.; W
Page 152: 142 10. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Thanks to
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The Effects of Road Transport on Freshwater and Marine Ecosystems

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