The Effects of Road Transport on Freshwater and Marine Ecosystems

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5.5.2 Settlement 54
5.5.3 Other Processes 55
5.6 Summary 56
6. ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS IN FRESHWATER
ENVIRONMENTS 57
6.1 Introduction 57
6.2 Freshwater Ecosystems 58
6.2.1 Introduction 58
6.2.2 In-stream Habitat 59
6.2.3 Aquatic algae 61
6.2.4 Aquatic Invertebrates 62
6.2.5 Fish 65
6.3 Water Quality and Toxicity 68
6.3.1 Introduction 68
6.3.2 General Water Quality 69
6.3.3 Toxic Substances 70
6.3.3.1 Guidelines 70
6.3.3.2 Toxicity data 70
6.3.3.3 Stormwater Quality and Toxicity 72
6.3.4 Toxicity data and Toxicity Tests 76
6.4 Sediment Quality and Toxicity 80
6.4.1 Sediment Quality Guidelines 80
6.4.2 Quality <strong>of</strong> Detention Pond Sediments 82
6.4.3 Stream, wetlands and Lake Sediments 84
6.4.4 Sediment Toxicity 85
6.5 Bioaccumulation 87
6.5.1 Introduction 87
6.5.2 Bioaccumulation <strong>of</strong> Trace Elements 88
6.5.2.1 Invertebrates 88
6.5.2.2 Fish 90
6.5.2.3 Other organisms 90
6.5.3 Bioaccumulation <strong>of</strong> Organic Compounds 92
6.5.3.1 Introduction 92
6.5.3.2 Invertebrates 93
6.5.3.3 Fish 93
6.5.3.4 Other organisms 93
6.6 Summary 93