The Effects of Road Transport on Freshwater and Marine Ecosystems

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134 Novotny, V.; Muehring, D.; Zitomer, D.; Smith, D.; Facey, R. 1998: Cyanide and metal pollution by urban snow-melt: impact <strong>of</strong> de-icing compounds. Water quality international 1998: 219-226. Conference preprint Book 8, IAWQ, London (cited in Marsalek et al. 1999). O’Brien, A. K.; Reiser, R. G.; Gylling, H. 197: Spatial variability <strong>of</strong> volatile organic compounds in streams on Long island, NY, and in New Jersey. U.S. Geological Survey, U.S. Department <strong>of</strong> the Interior, fact Sheet FS-194-97. Ondov, J. M.; Zoller, W. H.; Gordon, G. E. 1982: Trace element emissions on aerosols from motor vehicles. Environmental science and technology 16: 318-328. Opus International Consultants, 2000a: Mairangi Bay stormwater quality ponds feasibility report. April 2000. Report prepared for North Shore City Council. April 2000. Opus International Consultants, 2000b: Akoranga Drive stormwater quality pond feasibility report. Report prepared for North Shore City Council. April 2000. O’Reily, A.; Pandey, S.; Langdon, A.; Wilkins, A. 2002: Characterisation <strong>of</strong> run<strong>of</strong>f contaminants from New Zealand roads, and effects <strong>of</strong> rainfall events. Transfund New Zealand research report No 228. Pankow, J. F.; Rathburn, R. E.; Zogorski, J. S. 1996: Calculated volatilisation rates <strong>of</strong> fuel oxygenate compounds and other gasoline-related compounds from rivers and streams. Chemosphere 33(5): 921- 937. Patrick, C. 1975: <strong>The</strong> nature <strong>of</strong> significance <strong>of</strong> sediments derived from roads. Ninth international conference on sedimentology. Nice, France, theme 10, p 94-104. PCA, 1992: An analysis <strong>of</strong> selected trace metals in cement and kiln dust. Portland Cement Association 1992. Perdikaki, K.; Mason, C. F. 1999: Impact <strong>of</strong> road run-<strong>of</strong>f on receiving streams in Eastern England. Water research 33 (7): 1627-1999. Peterson, S. M.; Batley, G. E. 1992: <strong>Road</strong> run<strong>of</strong>f and its impact on aquatic environment: A review. Prepared for the <strong>Road</strong>s and Traffic Authority <strong>of</strong> NSW, July 1992. CSIRO Division <strong>of</strong> Coal and Energy Technology, Centre for Advanced Analytical Chemistry. Investigation report CET/LH/IR076. Pitt, R. E.; Amy, G. 1973: Toxic materials analysis <strong>of</strong> street surface contaminants. EPAR2-73-283. August 1973. Pitt, R.; Bozemann, M. 1982: Sources <strong>of</strong> urban run<strong>of</strong>f pollution and its effects on an urban creek. USEPA 600/52-82-090, Ohio. Pitt, R.; Field, R.; Lalor, M.; Brown, M. 1995: Urban stormwater toxic pollutants, assessments, sources and treatability. Water environment research 67(3): 260-275. Portele, G. J.; Mar, B. W.; Horner, R. R.; Welch, E. B. 1982: <strong>Effects</strong> <strong>of</strong> Seattle area highway stormwater run<strong>of</strong>f on aquatic biota WA-RD-39.11, Washington State Department <strong>of</strong> <strong>Transport</strong>ation, Olympia, WA. Preistley, S. 1998: Submission presented before the Auckland Regional Council in relation to Chapter 14 Dredging in the Regional Plan: Coastal. Evidence presented on behalf <strong>of</strong> Ports <strong>of</strong> Auckland Ltd. Pridmore, R.; Cummings, V.; Norkko, A. 2000: Ecology <strong>of</strong> harbour and estuarine environments potentially affected by stormwater discharges from Auckland City. Prepared for by NIWA for Metro Water Ltd. NIWA Client Report: MWR01105. February 2000. Kingett Mitchell Ltd Resource & Environmental Consultants
135 Rajendram, G. 1992: Study <strong>of</strong> selected chemical constituents in water, sediments, plants and fish in Lake Rotorua, Hamilton, and their possible effects on the Lake ecosystem. Unpublished MSc thesis, University <strong>of</strong> Waikato. Ray, D (ed), 2002: New Zealand municipal wastewater monitoring guidelines. New Zealand Water Environment Research Foundation. October 2002. Rauch, S.; Morrison, G. M. 1999: Platinum uptake by the freshwater isopod Asellus Aquaticus in urban rivers. <strong>The</strong> Science <strong>of</strong> the Total Environment 235 (1999) 261-268. Rauch, S.; Morrison, G. M. 1999: Platinum uptake by the freshwater isopod Asellus aquaticus in urban rivers. <strong>The</strong> science <strong>of</strong> the total environment 235: 261-168. Rauch, S.; Lu, M.; Morrison, G. M. 2001. Heterogeneity <strong>of</strong> Platinum Group Metals in Airborne Particles. Environmental Science and Technology, 2001, Vol. 35, 595-599. Ray, D (ed), 2002: New Zealand municipal wastewater monitoring guidelines. New Zealand Water Environment Research Foundation. October 2002. Reddy, C. M.; Quinn, J. G. 1997: Environmental Chemistry <strong>of</strong> benzothiazoles derived from rubber. Environmental science and technology, 31(10): 2847-2853. Revitt, D. M.; Morrison G. M. 1987: Metal speciation variations within separate stormwater systems. Environmental technology letters 8: 373-380. Robertson, B.; Gillespie, P.; Asher, R.; Frisk, S.; Keeley, N.; Hopkins, G.; Thompson, S.; Tuckey, B 2002: Estuarine environmental assessment and monitoring: A national protocol. prepared for Supporting Councils and the Ministry for the Environment. Sustainable Management Fund Contract No. 5096, December 2002. Robinson, B.; Duwig, C.; Bolan, N.; Kannathasan, M.; Saravanan, A. 2003: Uptake <strong>of</strong> arsenic by New Zealand watercress (Lepidium sativum). <strong>The</strong> science <strong>of</strong> the total environment 301:67-73. Roger, S.; Montrejaud-Vignoles, M.; Andral, M. C.; Herremans, L.; Fortune, J. P. 1998: Mineral, physical and chemical analysis <strong>of</strong> the solid matter carried by motorway run<strong>of</strong>f water. Water research 32(4): 1119- 1125. Rogge, W. F.; Hildemann, L. M; Mazurek, M. A.; Case, G. R.; Simoneit, B. R. T. 1993: Sources <strong>of</strong> fine organic aerosol. 3. <strong>Road</strong> dust, tire debris, and organometallic brake lining dust: roads as sources and sinks. Environmental science and technology, 27: 636-651. Rokosh, D.; Chong-Kitt, R.; Lee, J.; Mueller, M.; Pender, J.; Poirer, D.; Westlake, G. 1997: Toxicity <strong>of</strong> free-way stormwater. In Goudey, S.; Swanson, S,; Treissman, M.; Niimi, A. Proceedings <strong>of</strong> the 23 rd annual toxicity workshop, October 7-9 Calgary, Alberta, 1996 (cited in Marsalek et al. 1999). Roper, D. S.; Thrush, S. F.; Smith, D. G. 1988: <strong>The</strong> influence <strong>of</strong> run<strong>of</strong>f on intertidal mudflat benthic communities. Marine environmental research, 26: 1-18. Roper, D. S.; Williamson, R. B.; Weatherhead, M. A.; Pridmore, R. D. 1994: <strong>Effects</strong> <strong>of</strong> future urbanisation in the catchment <strong>of</strong> the Upper Waitemata Harbour. Ecological Impacts. Report prepared by NIWA for Auckland Regional Council Report ARC100. Rosenberg, D. M.; Resh, V. H. 1993: Freshwater biomonitoring and benthic macroinvertebrates, New York, Chapman & Hall 488p. Rowe, B. L.; Landrigan, S. L.; Lopes, T. J. 1997: Summary <strong>of</strong> published aquatic toxicity information and water quality criteria for selected volatile organic compounds. U.S. geological Survey. Open File Report 97-563. Kingett Mitchell Ltd Resource & Environmental Consultants
Page 1:
The Effect
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Intentionally Blank ii
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ii 4.2 Particulates in Urban Run<st
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iv 7. IDENTIFICATION OF ENVIRONMENT
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vi MW Molecular weight N Nitrogen N
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2 1. Moncrieff, I.; Kennedy, P. 200
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4 Table 2.1 - Contaminant Source Cl
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6 mg/kg) and Zn (25-34,500 mg/kg).
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8 Bitumen Bitumen is produced in Ne
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10 differences between petrol and d
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12 on the nature of</strong
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14 As such, available information i
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16 An examination of</stron
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18 Yang et al. (1999) examined the
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20 to elevated concentrations in ty
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22 sample of overs
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24 suspension and that carried as b
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26 Figure 4.1 - Variation in the co
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28 Figure 4.2 - Variation in the co
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30 Metal Cu Cd Pb Zn Table 4.6 - Su
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32 probably reflect lower traffic d
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34 (1995) provide a general review
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36 Further data can be found in the
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38 by ARC (1994) indicated that TPH
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40 Cations/Anions Common ionic cons
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42 Catchpits Between the street sur
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44 5 PATHWAYS & FATE OF CONTAMINANT
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46 The material wh
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48 crystalline species present were
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50 Figure 5.1 - Percentage
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52 short (e.g., < 1 day). In water,
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54 5.4.2 Dispersion Dilution and di
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56 5.6 Summary The
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58 6.2 Freshwater Ecosystems 6.2.1
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60 General Assessment Tools Commonl
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62 3. Increasing sediment inputs. 4
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64 considered that taxa richness wa
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66 Freshwater macro-invertebrate me
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68 runoff to fish
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70 deposition, tracking of<
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72 one factor used to classify orga
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74 Zinc Measurement of</str
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76 in stormwater and receiving wate
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78 minute; sub-mitochondrial partic
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80 Toxicity tests have undertaken u
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82 High molecular weight PAHs are t
Page 94 and 95: 84 Note: Sources refer Table 5.2. F
Page 96 and 97: 86 Although a range of</str
Page 98 and 99: 88 Bioaccumulation can be assessed
Page 100 and 101: 90 Figure 6.2 - metal concentration
Page 102 and 103: 92 6.5.3 Bioaccumulation of
Page 104 and 105: 94 Water Stormwater quality data fr
Page 106 and 107: 96 7. IDENTIFICATION OF ENVIRONMENT
Page 108 and 109: 98 3. Echinoderm (Fellaster zelandi
Page 110 and 111: 100 trace metals (probably Cu and Z
Page 112 and 113: 102 concentrations of</stro
Page 114 and 115: 104 that “concentrations
Page 116 and 117: 106 A large amount of</stro
Page 118 and 119: 108 A review of se
Page 120 and 121: 110 Samples of man
Page 122 and 123: 112 grazers such as mud flat snails
Page 124 and 125: 114 8. OVERVIEW 8.1 Vehicles as sou
Page 126 and 127: 116 The quality <s
Page 128 and 129: 118 International studies have show
Page 130 and 131: 120 A number of st
Page 132 and 133: 122 construction. Center for Resear
Page 134 and 135: 124 Carey, J.; Cook, P.; Ciesy, J.;
Page 136 and 137: 126 Ellis, J. B. 1986: Pollutional
Page 138 and 139: 128 Harrop D. O. 1984: Stormwater r
Page 140 and 141: 130 Kennedy, P. C.; Kjellstrom, T.
Page 142 and 143: 132 Maltby, L. A.; Boxall, D. M.; F
Page 146 and 147: 136 Ruck, J. 1998: Evaluation <stro
Page 148 and 149: 138 Terracciano, S. A.; O’Brien,
Page 150 and 151: 140 Webster, J. G.; Brown, K. L.; W
Page 152: 142 10. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Thanks to
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The Effects of Road Transport on Freshwater and Marine Ecosystems

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