The Effects of Road Transport on Freshwater and Marine Ecosystems

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iv 7. IDENTIFICATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS IN ESTUARINE AND COASTAL ECOSYSTEMS 96 7.1 Introduction 96 7.2 Habitat 96 7.3 Water quality and Toxicity 97 7.4 Sediment Quality 101 7.4.1 Introduction 101 7.4.2 Intertidal 101 7.4.2.1 Intertidal areas and Salt Marsh 101 7.4.2.2 Intertidal s<strong>of</strong>t-shore areas 102 7.4.3 Subtidal 103 7.4.4 Toxicity 105 7.5 Biological Resources 105 7.5.1 Resources 105 7.5.2 Tools 106 7.5.3 <strong>Effects</strong> 106 7.6 Bioaccumulation 109 7.6.1 Plants 109 7.6.2 Invertebrates 110 7.6.3 Fish 111 7.7 Summary 112 8. OVERVIEW 114 8.1 Vehicles as sources <strong>of</strong> contaminants 114 8.2 <strong>The</strong> road environment 114 8.3 Stormwater run<strong>of</strong>f 115 8.4 Pathways and fate 116 8.5 Freshwater environments 117 8.6 Marine environments 118 9. REFERENCES 121 10. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 142
v Abbreviations ACY AFDW ANT ANZECC ARC Al As B(a)A B(a)P B(b)F B(k)F Br BOD BPY BTEX C Ca Cd Ce CHY Cl CNG CO Co CO 2 Cr Cu DBA EIP EMC USEPA EPI ER-L ER-M Fe FL FLR GCMS GFAAS g/m 3 HCl Hf Hg HMW INP K LPG LMW MfE Mg mg/kg mg/m 3 Mn MoT MTBE Acenaphthylene Ash free dry weight Anthracene Australian and New Zealand Environment and Conservation Council Auckland Regional Council Aluminium Arsenic Benzo[a]anthracene Benzo[a]pyrene Benzo[b]fluoranthene Benzo[k]fluoranthene Bromine Biochemical Oxygen Demand Benzo[g,h,i]perylene Benzene, toluene, ethyl-benzene and total xylene Carbon Calcium Cadmium Cerium Chrysene Chlorine and the anion chloride (Cl-) Compressed natural gas Carbon monoxide Cobalt Carbon dioxide Chromium Copper Dibenz[a,h]anthracene Environmental Indicators Programme Event Mean Concentration Environmental Protection Agency Environmental performance indicators <strong>Effects</strong> Range Low <strong>Effects</strong> Range Median Iron Fluorene Fluoranthene Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorbtion Spectrometry grams per cubic metre = parts per million Hydrochloric acid Hafnium Mercury High molecular weight Indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene Potassium Liquid petroleum gas Low molecular weight Ministry for the Environment (New Zealand) Magnesium milligrams per kilogram = parts per million milligrams per cubic metre = parts per billion Manganese Ministry <strong>of</strong> <strong>Transport</strong> Methyl tert-butyl ether
Page 1: The Effect
Page 4 and 5: Intentionally Blank ii
Page 6 and 7: ii 4.2 Particulates in Urban Run<st
Page 10 and 11: vi MW Molecular weight N Nitrogen N
Page 12 and 13: 2 1. Moncrieff, I.; Kennedy, P. 200
Page 14 and 15: 4 Table 2.1 - Contaminant Source Cl
Page 16 and 17: 6 mg/kg) and Zn (25-34,500 mg/kg).
Page 18 and 19: 8 Bitumen Bitumen is produced in Ne
Page 20 and 21: 10 differences between petrol and d
Page 22 and 23: 12 on the nature of</strong
Page 24 and 25: 14 As such, available information i
Page 26 and 27: 16 An examination of</stron
Page 28 and 29: 18 Yang et al. (1999) examined the
Page 30 and 31: 20 to elevated concentrations in ty
Page 32 and 33: 22 sample of overs
Page 34 and 35: 24 suspension and that carried as b
Page 36 and 37: 26 Figure 4.1 - Variation in the co
Page 38 and 39: 28 Figure 4.2 - Variation in the co
Page 40 and 41: 30 Metal Cu Cd Pb Zn Table 4.6 - Su
Page 42 and 43: 32 probably reflect lower traffic d
Page 44 and 45: 34 (1995) provide a general review
Page 46 and 47: 36 Further data can be found in the
Page 48 and 49: 38 by ARC (1994) indicated that TPH
Page 50 and 51: 40 Cations/Anions Common ionic cons
Page 52 and 53: 42 Catchpits Between the street sur
Page 54 and 55: 44 5 PATHWAYS & FATE OF CONTAMINANT
Page 56 and 57: 46 The material wh
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48 crystalline species present were
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50 Figure 5.1 - Percentage
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52 short (e.g., < 1 day). In water,
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54 5.4.2 Dispersion Dilution and di
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56 5.6 Summary The
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58 6.2 Freshwater Ecosystems 6.2.1
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60 General Assessment Tools Commonl
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62 3. Increasing sediment inputs. 4
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64 considered that taxa richness wa
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66 Freshwater macro-invertebrate me
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68 runoff to fish
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70 deposition, tracking of<
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72 one factor used to classify orga
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74 Zinc Measurement of</str
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76 in stormwater and receiving wate
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78 minute; sub-mitochondrial partic
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80 Toxicity tests have undertaken u
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82 High molecular weight PAHs are t
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84 Note: Sources refer Table 5.2. F
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86 Although a range of</str
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88 Bioaccumulation can be assessed
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90 Figure 6.2 - metal concentration
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92 6.5.3 Bioaccumulation of
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94 Water Stormwater quality data fr
Page 106 and 107:
96 7. IDENTIFICATION OF ENVIRONMENT
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98 3. Echinoderm (Fellaster zelandi
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100 trace metals (probably Cu and Z
Page 112 and 113:
102 concentrations of</stro
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104 that “concentrations
Page 116 and 117:
106 A large amount of</stro
Page 118 and 119:
108 A review of se
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110 Samples of man
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112 grazers such as mud flat snails
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114 8. OVERVIEW 8.1 Vehicles as sou
Page 126 and 127:
116 The quality <s
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118 International studies have show
Page 130 and 131:
120 A number of st
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122 construction. Center for Resear
Page 134 and 135:
124 Carey, J.; Cook, P.; Ciesy, J.;
Page 136 and 137:
126 Ellis, J. B. 1986: Pollutional
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128 Harrop D. O. 1984: Stormwater r
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130 Kennedy, P. C.; Kjellstrom, T.
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132 Maltby, L. A.; Boxall, D. M.; F
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134 Novotny, V.; Muehring, D.; Zito
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136 Ruck, J. 1998: Evaluation <stro
Page 148 and 149:
138 Terracciano, S. A.; O’Brien,
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140 Webster, J. G.; Brown, K. L.; W
Page 152:
142 10. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Thanks to
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