The Effects of Road Transport on Freshwater and Marine Ecosystems

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132 Maltby, L. A.; Boxall, D. M.; Forrow, P.; Calow, P.; Betton, C. 1995b: <strong>The</strong> effects <strong>of</strong> motorway run<strong>of</strong>f on freshwater ecosystems: 2 Identifying major toxicants. Environmental toxicology and chemistry 14: 1093- 1101. Mance, G.; Harman, M. M. I. 1978: <strong>The</strong> quality <strong>of</strong> urban storm-water run-<strong>of</strong>f. In Helliwell, P. R. Ed. Urban storm drainage: Proceedings <strong>of</strong> the International Conference held at the University <strong>of</strong> Southampton, April, 1978, pp 603-616. Pentech Press London. Marsalek, J.; Brownlee, B.; Mayer, T.; Lawal, S.; Larkin, G.A. 1997: Heavy metals and PAHs in stormwater run<strong>of</strong>f from the Skyway Bridge, Burlington, Ontario. Water quality research journal <strong>of</strong> Canada, 32 (4): 815-827. Macaskill, J. B. 2001: Stormwater quality in the Auckland City region : a chemical assessment <strong>of</strong> impacts on the receiving water environments. Report prepared by NIWA for Metrowater Ltd. NIWA Client Report: MWR01105/2 February 2001 Medeiros, C.; Coler, R. A. 1982: A laboratory/field investigation into the biological effects <strong>of</strong> urban run<strong>of</strong>f. Water Resources Research Centre, University <strong>of</strong> Massachusetts. Memon, F. A.; Butler, D. 2002: Identification and modelling <strong>of</strong> dry weather processes in gully pots. Water research 36: 1351-1359. Meritec, 2000a: Project Care: 1999/2000 North Shore stream and stormwater quality study. Project Care Technical Report 3.05, prepared for North Shore City Council, October 2000. Meritec, 2000b: Project Care: Mairangi Bay monitoring volume 1 - results. Report prepared for the North Shore City Council. Technical report 3.06, November 2000. Meylan, W. N.; Howard, P. H.; Boethling, R. S.; et al. 1999: Improved method for estimating bioconcentration/bioaccumulation factors from octanol/water coefficient. Environmental toxicology and chemistry 18(4): 664-672. MfE, 1992: Water quality guidelines No 1: Guidelines for the control <strong>of</strong> undesirable biological growths in water. Ministry for the Environment. Wellington. MfE, 1994: Water quality guidelines No 2.: Guidelines for the control <strong>of</strong> colour and clarity <strong>of</strong> water. Ministry for the Environment. Wellington. MfE, 1998a: Environmental performance indicators: Proposals for the marine environment. Ministry for the Environment. December 1998. Wellington. MfE, 1998b: Environmental performance indicators: Proposals for the terrestrial and freshwater biodiversity. Ministry for the Environment. December 1998. Wellington. MfE, 2000: Making every drop count. <strong>The</strong> national agenda for sustainable water management action plan. Ministry for the Environment, Wellington. Mitchell, R. L.; Reith, J. W. S. 1966: <strong>The</strong> lead content <strong>of</strong> pasture herbage. Journal <strong>of</strong> science food agriculture, 17: 437-440. Moldovan, M.; Rauch, S.; Gomez, M.; Palacios, M. A.; Morrison, G. M. 2001: Bioaccumulation <strong>of</strong> palladium, platinum and rhodium from urgab particulates and sediments by the freshwater isopod Asellus Aquaticus. Water Research Vol. 35, No. 17, pp, 4175-4183, 2001. Moldovan, M.; Rauch, S.; Gomez, M.; Palacios, M. A.; Morrison, G. 2001: Bioaccumulation <strong>of</strong> palladium, platinum and rhodium from urban particulates and sediments by the freshwater isopod Asellus aquaticus. Water research 35(17): 4175-4183. Kingett Mitchell Ltd Resource & Environmental Consultants
133 Moncrieff, I.; Kennedy, P. 2002: <strong>Road</strong> transport effects on aquatic ecosystems issues and context for policy development. Report prepared for New Zealand Ministry <strong>of</strong> <strong>Transport</strong> by Fuels and Energy Ltd and Kingett Mitchell Ltd. December 2002, Updated June 2004. Morrison, G. M.; Revitt, D. M.; Ellis, J. B.; Svensson, G.; Balmer, P. 1984: Variations <strong>of</strong> dissolved and suspended solid heavy metals through an urban hydrograph. Environmental technology letters 7: 313- 318. Morrison G. M.; Revitt, D. M. 1987: Assessment <strong>of</strong> metal species bioavailablility and geochemical mobility in polluted waters. Environmental technology letters 8: 361-372. Morrison G. M.; Revitt, D. M.; Ellis, J. B.; Svennsson, G.; Balmer, P. 1988: <strong>Transport</strong> mechanism and process for metal species in gully pot system. Water research 22: 1417-1427. Morrisey, D. J. 1999: Biological effects <strong>of</strong> contaminant build-up in estuaries. In comprehensive stormwater and aquatic ecosystem management. First South Pacific Conference. 22-26 February 1999. Auckland. Pp 121-127. Morton, J.; Miller, M. 1968: <strong>The</strong> New Zealand sea shore. Collins, London. 653 pp. Mosley, L; Peake, B. 1999: Trace metal partitioning in urban run<strong>of</strong>f. Poster at first South Pacific’s Conference on Comprehensive stormwater and aquatic ecosystem management. 22-26 February 1999, Auckland, New Zealand. Mosley, L. M.; Peake, B. M. 2001: Partitioning <strong>of</strong> metals in urban run-<strong>of</strong>f from the Kaikorai Valley, Dunedin, New Zealand. New Zealand journal <strong>of</strong> marine and freshwater research, 35: 615-624. MoT 1996: Land <strong>Transport</strong> pricing study. Environmental externalities Discussion Paper March 1996, Ministry <strong>of</strong> <strong>Transport</strong>, Wellington. MoT 1998: Local air quality management – impacts from the road transport sector. Vehicle fleet emissions control strategy. Final report. Mulliss, R.; Revitt, D. M.; Shutes, R. B. E. 1996: A statistical approach for the assessment <strong>of</strong> the toxic influences on Gammarus pulex (Amphipoda) and Asellus aquaticus (Isopoda) exposed to urban aquatic discharges. Water research 30(5): 1237-1243. Ng, W. H.; Buckeridge J. S.; Ockelston, G. 2003: Distribution <strong>of</strong> heavy metals in road sediments. Third South Pacific Stormwater Conference, Auckland, May 2003. Ngabe, B.; Bidleman, T. F.; Scott, G. I. 2000: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in storm run<strong>of</strong>f from urban and coastal South Carolina. <strong>The</strong> science <strong>of</strong> the total environment, 255: 1-9. Nipper, M. G.; Hickey, C. W.; Martin, M. L. 1995: Assessment <strong>of</strong> water and sediment toxicity associated with stormwater treatment facilities. Report prepared for Auckland regional Council, Environment and Planning Division. NIWA Consultancy Report ARC 242. National Institute <strong>of</strong> Water and Atmospheric Research, Hamilton. Nipper, M. G.; Roper, D. S.; Williams, D. S.; Martin, M. L.; Van Dam, L. F.; Mills, G. N. 1998: Sediment toxicity and benthic communities in mildly contaminated mudflats. Environmental toxicology and chemistry, 17: 502-510. NIWA, 1996: Land transport externalities: Water Pollution. Section 3 <strong>of</strong> Part 2 Detailed Scientific and Economic Reports. Environmental Externalities from Land <strong>Transport</strong>. Report prepared for Ministry <strong>of</strong> <strong>Transport</strong>. Kingett Mitchell Ltd Resource & Environmental Consultants
Page 1:
The Effect
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Intentionally Blank ii
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ii 4.2 Particulates in Urban Run<st
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iv 7. IDENTIFICATION OF ENVIRONMENT
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vi MW Molecular weight N Nitrogen N
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2 1. Moncrieff, I.; Kennedy, P. 200
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4 Table 2.1 - Contaminant Source Cl
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6 mg/kg) and Zn (25-34,500 mg/kg).
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8 Bitumen Bitumen is produced in Ne
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10 differences between petrol and d
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12 on the nature of</strong
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14 As such, available information i
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16 An examination of</stron
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18 Yang et al. (1999) examined the
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20 to elevated concentrations in ty
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22 sample of overs
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24 suspension and that carried as b
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26 Figure 4.1 - Variation in the co
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28 Figure 4.2 - Variation in the co
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30 Metal Cu Cd Pb Zn Table 4.6 - Su
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32 probably reflect lower traffic d
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34 (1995) provide a general review
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36 Further data can be found in the
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38 by ARC (1994) indicated that TPH
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40 Cations/Anions Common ionic cons
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42 Catchpits Between the street sur
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44 5 PATHWAYS & FATE OF CONTAMINANT
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46 The material wh
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48 crystalline species present were
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50 Figure 5.1 - Percentage
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52 short (e.g., < 1 day). In water,
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54 5.4.2 Dispersion Dilution and di
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56 5.6 Summary The
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58 6.2 Freshwater Ecosystems 6.2.1
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60 General Assessment Tools Commonl
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62 3. Increasing sediment inputs. 4
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64 considered that taxa richness wa
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66 Freshwater macro-invertebrate me
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68 runoff to fish
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70 deposition, tracking of<
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72 one factor used to classify orga
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74 Zinc Measurement of</str
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76 in stormwater and receiving wate
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78 minute; sub-mitochondrial partic
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80 Toxicity tests have undertaken u
Page 92 and 93: 82 High molecular weight PAHs are t
Page 94 and 95: 84 Note: Sources refer Table 5.2. F
Page 96 and 97: 86 Although a range of</str
Page 98 and 99: 88 Bioaccumulation can be assessed
Page 100 and 101: 90 Figure 6.2 - metal concentration
Page 102 and 103: 92 6.5.3 Bioaccumulation of
Page 104 and 105: 94 Water Stormwater quality data fr
Page 106 and 107: 96 7. IDENTIFICATION OF ENVIRONMENT
Page 108 and 109: 98 3. Echinoderm (Fellaster zelandi
Page 110 and 111: 100 trace metals (probably Cu and Z
Page 112 and 113: 102 concentrations of</stro
Page 114 and 115: 104 that “concentrations
Page 116 and 117: 106 A large amount of</stro
Page 118 and 119: 108 A review of se
Page 120 and 121: 110 Samples of man
Page 122 and 123: 112 grazers such as mud flat snails
Page 124 and 125: 114 8. OVERVIEW 8.1 Vehicles as sou
Page 126 and 127: 116 The quality <s
Page 128 and 129: 118 International studies have show
Page 130 and 131: 120 A number of st
Page 132 and 133: 122 construction. Center for Resear
Page 134 and 135: 124 Carey, J.; Cook, P.; Ciesy, J.;
Page 136 and 137: 126 Ellis, J. B. 1986: Pollutional
Page 138 and 139: 128 Harrop D. O. 1984: Stormwater r
Page 140 and 141: 130 Kennedy, P. C.; Kjellstrom, T.
Page 144 and 145: 134 Novotny, V.; Muehring, D.; Zito
Page 146 and 147: 136 Ruck, J. 1998: Evaluation <stro
Page 148 and 149: 138 Terracciano, S. A.; O’Brien,
Page 150 and 151: 140 Webster, J. G.; Brown, K. L.; W
Page 152: 142 10. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Thanks to
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