The Effects of Road Transport on Freshwater and Marine Ecosystems

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32 probably reflect lower traffic densities in the Mount Albert catchment compared to the stormwater catchments sampled in ARC (1992) and Williamson (1985). Timperley (2001) presented results <strong>of</strong> the examination <strong>of</strong> suspended particles present in storm and stream waters from a variety <strong>of</strong> sites in Auckland, Hamilton and Christchurch. <strong>The</strong> results showed that suspended matter could reach high concentrations <strong>of</strong> copper (e.g., median values <strong>of</strong> the order <strong>of</strong> 50- 250 mg/kg), lead (e.g., 50-400 mg/kg) and zinc (e.g., 500-2,500 mg/kg) with the concentration typically increasing from residential to commercial to industrial land-uses. Table 4.8 - Trace elements in urban stormwater suspended particulates (all data mg/kg dry weight). Parameter ARC (1992) Residential Stormwater Auckland Hickey et al. (1997) UNITEC Brockbank et al. (1999) Sydney Marsalek et al. (1997) Bridge Stormwater, Ontario Williamson (1985) Residential Stormwater Hamilton Roger et al. (1998) A9 Motorway France Cd 0.89 (0.44-1.7) a 1.2 0.1-5.1; 0.2-0.5 -
33 Stormwater transports particulate matter containing high concentrations <strong>of</strong> contaminants. <strong>The</strong> presence <strong>of</strong> high concentrations <strong>of</strong> contaminants is not surprising given the high concentrations present in particulate materials present on road surfaces. Examination <strong>of</strong> the concentrations present in different grain size separates obtained from stormwater has shown that concentrations <strong>of</strong> elements such as Cu and Zn are <strong>of</strong> the order <strong>of</strong> 150 and 2,000 mg/kg. This compares with 297 and 723 mg/kg respectively in
Page 1: The Effect
Page 4 and 5: Intentionally Blank ii
Page 6 and 7: ii 4.2 Particulates in Urban Run<st
Page 8 and 9: iv 7. IDENTIFICATION OF ENVIRONMENT
Page 10 and 11: vi MW Molecular weight N Nitrogen N
Page 12 and 13: 2 1. Moncrieff, I.; Kennedy, P. 200
Page 14 and 15: 4 Table 2.1 - Contaminant Source Cl
Page 16 and 17: 6 mg/kg) and Zn (25-34,500 mg/kg).
Page 18 and 19: 8 Bitumen Bitumen is produced in Ne
Page 20 and 21: 10 differences between petrol and d
Page 22 and 23: 12 on the nature of</strong
Page 24 and 25: 14 As such, available information i
Page 26 and 27: 16 An examination of</stron
Page 28 and 29: 18 Yang et al. (1999) examined the
Page 30 and 31: 20 to elevated concentrations in ty
Page 32 and 33: 22 sample of overs
Page 34 and 35: 24 suspension and that carried as b
Page 36 and 37: 26 Figure 4.1 - Variation in the co
Page 38 and 39: 28 Figure 4.2 - Variation in the co
Page 40 and 41: 30 Metal Cu Cd Pb Zn Table 4.6 - Su
Page 44 and 45: 34 (1995) provide a general review
Page 46 and 47: 36 Further data can be found in the
Page 48 and 49: 38 by ARC (1994) indicated that TPH
Page 50 and 51: 40 Cations/Anions Common ionic cons
Page 52 and 53: 42 Catchpits Between the street sur
Page 54 and 55: 44 5 PATHWAYS & FATE OF CONTAMINANT
Page 56 and 57: 46 The material wh
Page 58 and 59: 48 crystalline species present were
Page 60 and 61: 50 Figure 5.1 - Percentage
Page 62 and 63: 52 short (e.g., < 1 day). In water,
Page 64 and 65: 54 5.4.2 Dispersion Dilution and di
Page 66 and 67: 56 5.6 Summary The
Page 68 and 69: 58 6.2 Freshwater Ecosystems 6.2.1
Page 70 and 71: 60 General Assessment Tools Commonl
Page 72 and 73: 62 3. Increasing sediment inputs. 4
Page 74 and 75: 64 considered that taxa richness wa
Page 76 and 77: 66 Freshwater macro-invertebrate me
Page 78 and 79: 68 runoff to fish
Page 80 and 81: 70 deposition, tracking of<
Page 82 and 83: 72 one factor used to classify orga
Page 84 and 85: 74 Zinc Measurement of</str
Page 86 and 87: 76 in stormwater and receiving wate
Page 88 and 89: 78 minute; sub-mitochondrial partic
Page 90 and 91: 80 Toxicity tests have undertaken u
Page 92 and 93:
82 High molecular weight PAHs are t
Page 94 and 95:
84 Note: Sources refer Table 5.2. F
Page 96 and 97:
86 Although a range of</str
Page 98 and 99:
88 Bioaccumulation can be assessed
Page 100 and 101:
90 Figure 6.2 - metal concentration
Page 102 and 103:
92 6.5.3 Bioaccumulation of
Page 104 and 105:
94 Water Stormwater quality data fr
Page 106 and 107:
96 7. IDENTIFICATION OF ENVIRONMENT
Page 108 and 109:
98 3. Echinoderm (Fellaster zelandi
Page 110 and 111:
100 trace metals (probably Cu and Z
Page 112 and 113:
102 concentrations of</stro
Page 114 and 115:
104 that “concentrations
Page 116 and 117:
106 A large amount of</stro
Page 118 and 119:
108 A review of se
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110 Samples of man
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112 grazers such as mud flat snails
Page 124 and 125:
114 8. OVERVIEW 8.1 Vehicles as sou
Page 126 and 127:
116 The quality <s
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118 International studies have show
Page 130 and 131:
120 A number of st
Page 132 and 133:
122 construction. Center for Resear
Page 134 and 135:
124 Carey, J.; Cook, P.; Ciesy, J.;
Page 136 and 137:
126 Ellis, J. B. 1986: Pollutional
Page 138 and 139:
128 Harrop D. O. 1984: Stormwater r
Page 140 and 141:
130 Kennedy, P. C.; Kjellstrom, T.
Page 142 and 143:
132 Maltby, L. A.; Boxall, D. M.; F
Page 144 and 145:
134 Novotny, V.; Muehring, D.; Zito
Page 146 and 147:
136 Ruck, J. 1998: Evaluation <stro
Page 148 and 149:
138 Terracciano, S. A.; O’Brien,
Page 150 and 151:
140 Webster, J. G.; Brown, K. L.; W
Page 152:
142 10. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Thanks to
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The Effects of Road Transport on Freshwater and Marine Ecosystems

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