The Effects of Road Transport on Freshwater and Marine Ecosystems

More documents

Recommendations

Info

22 sample <strong>of</strong> overseas motorway data reported in Table 4.1 is 90 g/m 3 . This is similar to the mean concentration <strong>of</strong> the ARC S.H. -1 motorway data. Table 4.1 - Suspended solids in urban and motorway run<strong>of</strong>f (all data g/m 3 ). Location/Study Site/Landuse Concentration Reference Urban Run<strong>of</strong>f Review - 10%ile 50%ile 90%ile 50 170 470 Williamson (1993) Williamson (1993) Williamson (1993) Pakuranga, Auckland R 16.7 ARC (1992) Pakuranga (median EMC) R 41.4 ARC (1994) Glendowie, Auckland R 151 Worley (2000) St Heliers, Auckland R 55.1 Worley (2000) Rotorua City R 33 Macaskill et al. (2003) KaikoraiValley Dunedin Mainly R 86.9 Mosley & Peake (2001) Rotorua City C 20 Macaskill et al. (2003) Takapuna C/R 16 Meritec (2000b) Mt Roskill, Auckland R/I 97.3 Worley (2000) Wairau Creek C/I 79.2 Meritec (2000a) Waitakere (testing station) C/I 10 WCC (1997) Halswell, Christchurch C/I 102 Elliot (1996) Southdown, Auckland I 52.0 ARC (1992) Tamaki, Auckland I 253 Worley (2000) Rotorua City I 78 Macaskill et al. (2003) Motorway SH1 Auckland Otahuhu Motorway 91.4 ARC (unpublished) Charlotte NC 3 Lane Bridge 3 Lane Highway 4 Lane Highway 215 88 14 Wu et al. (1998) Dallas Texas Austin Texas Walnut Creek, Dallas Tollway & Collins Street MoPac (35 th St) 90 (median) Kennedy (1995) 291 67 157 83 Irish et al. (1995) MoPac (Convict Hill) Austin Texas 35 th Street 131 Barrett et al. (1995) Convict Hill <strong>Road</strong> 118 United States Highway 142 Highway 41 Various (median EMC) Highways 142 Ellis & Revitt (1989) Netherlands Highways 194 Berbee et al. (1999) Particles Size Urban stormwater contains particulate material ranging in size from clay (500 µm in size contributed 13.5% <strong>of</strong> the total weight <strong>of</strong> particles. Particles
23 µm contributed 54.8% <strong>of</strong> the particle mass (Table 4.2). Brockbank et al. (1999) reported particle size data for single stormwater event samples from Quantas Drive Mascot and Princes Highway, Gymnea (Both in Sydney). That data indicated that 72.4 and 92.7 % <strong>of</strong> the suspended particles were particles < 63 µm in size (Table 4.2). Table 4.2 – particle size distribution <strong>of</strong> urban stormwater suspended solids (all data %). Particles size Mascot Princes Highway Bulk Pakuranga (n=3) category Brockbank et al. (1999) Brockbank et al. (1999) ARC (1992) Coarse >1000 – 2.8 (1.7-14.8)*** 500-1000 – 4.7 (2.9-10.7) >180* – 3.2** >180 18.3 250-500 – 4.8 (4.6-20.1) 150-180 – 0.6 150-180 -2.2 120-250 – 15.9 (8.6-19.6) 75-150 – 2.6 75-150 - 2.6 63-75 – 1.0 63-75 - 4.5 63-120 – 13.5 (10.3-28.7) 20-63 – 24.6 (15.0-28.0) Fine 0.45-63 – 92.7 0.45-63 - 72.4
Page 1: The Effect
Page 4 and 5: Intentionally Blank ii
Page 6 and 7: ii 4.2 Particulates in Urban Run<st
Page 8 and 9: iv 7. IDENTIFICATION OF ENVIRONMENT
Page 10 and 11: vi MW Molecular weight N Nitrogen N
Page 12 and 13: 2 1. Moncrieff, I.; Kennedy, P. 200
Page 14 and 15: 4 Table 2.1 - Contaminant Source Cl
Page 16 and 17: 6 mg/kg) and Zn (25-34,500 mg/kg).
Page 18 and 19: 8 Bitumen Bitumen is produced in Ne
Page 20 and 21: 10 differences between petrol and d
Page 22 and 23: 12 on the nature of</strong
Page 24 and 25: 14 As such, available information i
Page 26 and 27: 16 An examination of</stron
Page 28 and 29: 18 Yang et al. (1999) examined the
Page 30 and 31: 20 to elevated concentrations in ty
Page 34 and 35: 24 suspension and that carried as b
Page 36 and 37: 26 Figure 4.1 - Variation in the co
Page 38 and 39: 28 Figure 4.2 - Variation in the co
Page 40 and 41: 30 Metal Cu Cd Pb Zn Table 4.6 - Su
Page 42 and 43: 32 probably reflect lower traffic d
Page 44 and 45: 34 (1995) provide a general review
Page 46 and 47: 36 Further data can be found in the
Page 48 and 49: 38 by ARC (1994) indicated that TPH
Page 50 and 51: 40 Cations/Anions Common ionic cons
Page 52 and 53: 42 Catchpits Between the street sur
Page 54 and 55: 44 5 PATHWAYS & FATE OF CONTAMINANT
Page 56 and 57: 46 The material wh
Page 58 and 59: 48 crystalline species present were
Page 60 and 61: 50 Figure 5.1 - Percentage
Page 62 and 63: 52 short (e.g., < 1 day). In water,
Page 64 and 65: 54 5.4.2 Dispersion Dilution and di
Page 66 and 67: 56 5.6 Summary The
Page 68 and 69: 58 6.2 Freshwater Ecosystems 6.2.1
Page 70 and 71: 60 General Assessment Tools Commonl
Page 72 and 73: 62 3. Increasing sediment inputs. 4
Page 74 and 75: 64 considered that taxa richness wa
Page 76 and 77: 66 Freshwater macro-invertebrate me
Page 78 and 79: 68 runoff to fish
Page 80 and 81: 70 deposition, tracking of<
Page 82 and 83:
72 one factor used to classify orga
Page 84 and 85:
74 Zinc Measurement of</str
Page 86 and 87:
76 in stormwater and receiving wate
Page 88 and 89:
78 minute; sub-mitochondrial partic
Page 90 and 91:
80 Toxicity tests have undertaken u
Page 92 and 93:
82 High molecular weight PAHs are t
Page 94 and 95:
84 Note: Sources refer Table 5.2. F
Page 96 and 97:
86 Although a range of</str
Page 98 and 99:
88 Bioaccumulation can be assessed
Page 100 and 101:
90 Figure 6.2 - metal concentration
Page 102 and 103:
92 6.5.3 Bioaccumulation of
Page 104 and 105:
94 Water Stormwater quality data fr
Page 106 and 107:
96 7. IDENTIFICATION OF ENVIRONMENT
Page 108 and 109:
98 3. Echinoderm (Fellaster zelandi
Page 110 and 111:
100 trace metals (probably Cu and Z
Page 112 and 113:
102 concentrations of</stro
Page 114 and 115:
104 that “concentrations
Page 116 and 117:
106 A large amount of</stro
Page 118 and 119:
108 A review of se
Page 120 and 121:
110 Samples of man
Page 122 and 123:
112 grazers such as mud flat snails
Page 124 and 125:
114 8. OVERVIEW 8.1 Vehicles as sou
Page 126 and 127:
116 The quality <s
Page 128 and 129:
118 International studies have show
Page 130 and 131:
120 A number of st
Page 132 and 133:
122 construction. Center for Resear
Page 134 and 135:
124 Carey, J.; Cook, P.; Ciesy, J.;
Page 136 and 137:
126 Ellis, J. B. 1986: Pollutional
Page 138 and 139:
128 Harrop D. O. 1984: Stormwater r
Page 140 and 141:
130 Kennedy, P. C.; Kjellstrom, T.
Page 142 and 143:
132 Maltby, L. A.; Boxall, D. M.; F
Page 144 and 145:
134 Novotny, V.; Muehring, D.; Zito
Page 146 and 147:
136 Ruck, J. 1998: Evaluation <stro
Page 148 and 149:
138 Terracciano, S. A.; O’Brien,
Page 150 and 151:
140 Webster, J. G.; Brown, K. L.; W
Page 152:
142 10. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Thanks to
show all

The Effects of Road Transport on Freshwater and Marine Ecosystems

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?