The Effects of Road Transport on Freshwater and Marine Ecosystems

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92 6.5.3 Bioaccumulation <strong>of</strong> Organic Compounds 6.5.3.1 Introduction Bioaccumulation <strong>of</strong> organic compounds is a relatively complex phenomenon affected by a variety <strong>of</strong> factors (refer Carey et al. 1998). Key factors are polarity, hydrophobicity and metabolic rate. Bioaccumulation from water is important as large gradients exist between water and biota for hydrophobic organic compounds. Although bioaccumulation can differ between organisms with differing feeding habits and between freshwater and marine fish (due to differences in their physico-chemical environment), bioaccumulation data can be obtained experimentally and from field data. Even with all <strong>of</strong> the environmental and biological variables affecting bioaccumulation including both environmental and biological transformation <strong>of</strong> the contaminant, approximations <strong>of</strong> bioaccumulation potential are valuable in assessing ecological risk associated with uptake. Bioaccumulation or a chemicals ability to bioaccumulate has the potential to result in adverse effects on an organism or can result in the transfer <strong>of</strong> contaminants up food chains as a consequence <strong>of</strong> consumption <strong>of</strong> the organism by a predator (biomagnification) or consumption by humans. <strong>The</strong> degree <strong>of</strong> bioaccumulation is <strong>of</strong>ten expressed as bioconcentration factors (BCFs) or bioaccumulation factors (BAFs). <strong>The</strong> BCF is usually determined experimentally. <strong>The</strong> k ow is generally used to estimate the BCF <strong>of</strong> chemicals and good relationships have been identified between the BCF and the k ow (e.g., Veith et al. 1979, Mackay 1982). However, the relationship is affected by the structure <strong>of</strong> the chemical. Kingett Mitchell (2000) examined the BCF (for fish) <strong>of</strong> all organic compounds identified as being emitted by motor vehicles. <strong>The</strong> calculations <strong>of</strong> the BCF, was carried out using information on the Kow and the methodology developed by Meylan et al. (1999). In terms <strong>of</strong> environmental significance, USEPA (1985) considered that compounds with log kow values <strong>of</strong> more than 3.5 (a BCF <strong>of</strong> 3,162) should be considered further in relation to bioaccumulation. Table 6.11 identifies a range <strong>of</strong> compounds with BCFs <strong>of</strong> over 1,000. Most <strong>of</strong> the compounds identified with elevated BCFs are PAHs or substituted (e.g., nitro) PAHs. Table 6.11 - BCFs over 1000 for organic compounds emitted from motor vehicles. Compound BCF Source Compound BCF Source Trimethylnaphthalene 1010 2.1a Benzo(b)fluorene 5532 2.1a,b Pyrene 1142 2.1a,b Benzo(b)fluoranthene 5631 2.1a 1M-anthracene 1167 2.1a Chrysene 5939 2.1a,b 9M-phenanthrene 1167 2.1a Benzo(c)phenanthrene 5939 2.1a,b n-pent-benzene 1183 2.1a Dibenzo(a,e)pyrene 6875 2.1a 1 tert-1B-3,5-DM-benzene 1405 2.1a Nitrobenzo(a)pyrene 7304 2.1b 2M-anthracene 1413 2.1a 1,4-dimethyl-7-(1-methylethyl)azulene 7365 8.1 1-nitropyrene 1571 2.1a Coronene 8574 2.1a 1-M-phenanthrene 1628 2.1a 1-methylbenz(a)anthracene 9388 2.1a 4-M-phenanthrene 1628 2.1a Benzo(j)fluoranthene 10090 2.1a 2,4-DM octane 1703 2.1a Benzo(k)fluoranthene 10110 2.1a 1,3,5-triethyl-benzene 1711 2.1a Benzo(a)pyrene 10470 2.1a,b 1,2,4-triethylbenzene 1711 2.1a Perylene 12960 2.1a,b 2,2-DM octane 1815 2.1a 1 DME-benz(a)anthracene 14750 2.1a 2M-anthracene 1843 2.1a 3M-cholanthrene 17510 2.1a I-nonene 1843 2.1a Benzo©pyrene 18150 2.1a,b Fluoranthene 1876 2.1b tetramethylphenanthrene 21450 7.1 Octane 1944 2.1a Dibenz(a,j)anthracene 21670 2.1a Benzonaphtho(2,1-d)thiophene 2581 2.1a Benzo(g,h,i)perylene 25420 2.1a,b Benzo(a)fluorine 2871 2.1a,b 1M-benzo(a)pyrene 26630 2.1a 3,6-DM-phenanthrene 3080 2.1a 1M-benzo(e)pyrene 26630 2.1a 1-methylpyrene 3310 2.1a,b Indeno(123-c,d)fluoranthene 28620 2.1a,b Triphenylene 3367 2.1a,b Indeno(123-c,d)pyrene 28620 2.1a,b Benzo(g,h,i)fluoranthene 3558 2.1a,b Dibenzo(a,h)anthracene 31440 2.1a Cyclopenta(cd)pyrene 4888 2.1a Anthracene 56910 2.1a Benzo(a)anthracene 5435 2.1a,b Kingett Mitchell Ltd Resource & Environmental Consultants
93 Notes: Sources: 2.1a,b are petrol and diesel exhaust respectively: 7.1 – friction linings; 8.1 – tyres. 6.5.3.2 Invertebrates In New Zealand, Nipper et al. (1995) examined the uptake <strong>of</strong> contaminants in stormwater by placing caged freshwater mussels (Hyridella menziesi) in the inlet, outlet and in the stormwater pond at UNITEC (Mt Albert Auckland). Organochlorine concentrations (e.g., PCBs, pesticides) in the mussels from the ponds were similar to those measured elsewhere in the Auckland region. Some uptake <strong>of</strong> PAHs was observed. However, no control samples were examined. 6.5.3.3 Fish In New Zealand, there have been extensive studies <strong>of</strong> the concentrations <strong>of</strong> organochlorine compounds in eel and trout as part <strong>of</strong> the Ministry for the Environment Organochlorines programme (Buckland et al. 1998). This work does not provide any specific information that related to road run<strong>of</strong>f. 6.5.3.4 Other organisms <strong>The</strong>re does not appear to be any specific reports <strong>of</strong> the assessment <strong>of</strong> uptake <strong>of</strong> organic compounds by organisms such as terrestrial or wetland birds that relate to stormwater run<strong>of</strong>f from roads. <strong>The</strong>re is little information in New Zealand on the specific uptake <strong>of</strong> organic compounds by freshwater macro-invertebrates or fish that relates specifically to road stormwater run<strong>of</strong>f. Work undertaken on the uptake <strong>of</strong> PAHs in a car park stormwater pond demonstrated some uptake. <strong>The</strong>re are a wide range <strong>of</strong> organic compounds emitted by vehicles and present in stormwater discharged to freshwater environments that have potential for bioaccumulation. <strong>The</strong> key groups are the PAHs and substituted PAHs. Although uptake <strong>of</strong> these key groups <strong>of</strong> contaminants has been identified no adverse effects <strong>of</strong> bioaccumulation appear to have been identified and bioaccumulation is not likely to occur to a level that would result in adverse effects to the suitability <strong>of</strong> fish such as eel becoming unsuitable for consumption. <strong>The</strong> role that the uptake <strong>of</strong> organic compounds play, in the health <strong>of</strong> freshwater organisms at a cellular and whole organism level, is not clear. <strong>The</strong>re are, a complex range <strong>of</strong> organic compounds emitted to freshwaters from a variety <strong>of</strong> sources. Many compounds are emitted from multiple sources. 6.6 Summary In New Zealand there are few specific studies that have assessed the effect <strong>of</strong> stormwater from roads or highways in the absence <strong>of</strong> the confounding that could arise from other urban stormwater sources (e.g., industrial sites, residential properties, ro<strong>of</strong> run<strong>of</strong>f). Habitat Habitat changes in urban streams are one <strong>of</strong> the major changes that occurs in waterways within urban areas. Vehicles themselves do not contribute materials to stormwater that could result in identified habitat changes. <strong>Road</strong>s however do contribute coarse particulates such as gravel and asphalt fragments to stormwater. <strong>The</strong>se may become deposited at the point <strong>of</strong> discharge in the case <strong>of</strong> larger material resulting in relatively localised physical changes to substrates. In freshwater environments the extent <strong>of</strong> these changes do not appear to have been assessed. Kingett Mitchell Ltd Resource & Environmental Consultants
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The Effect
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ii 4.2 Particulates in Urban Run<st
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iv 7. IDENTIFICATION OF ENVIRONMENT
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vi MW Molecular weight N Nitrogen N
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2 1. Moncrieff, I.; Kennedy, P. 200
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4 Table 2.1 - Contaminant Source Cl
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6 mg/kg) and Zn (25-34,500 mg/kg).
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8 Bitumen Bitumen is produced in Ne
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10 differences between petrol and d
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12 on the nature of</strong
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14 As such, available information i
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16 An examination of</stron
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18 Yang et al. (1999) examined the
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20 to elevated concentrations in ty
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22 sample of overs
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24 suspension and that carried as b
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26 Figure 4.1 - Variation in the co
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28 Figure 4.2 - Variation in the co
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30 Metal Cu Cd Pb Zn Table 4.6 - Su
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32 probably reflect lower traffic d
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34 (1995) provide a general review
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36 Further data can be found in the
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38 by ARC (1994) indicated that TPH
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40 Cations/Anions Common ionic cons
Page 52 and 53: 42 Catchpits Between the street sur
Page 54 and 55: 44 5 PATHWAYS & FATE OF CONTAMINANT
Page 56 and 57: 46 The material wh
Page 58 and 59: 48 crystalline species present were
Page 60 and 61: 50 Figure 5.1 - Percentage
Page 62 and 63: 52 short (e.g., < 1 day). In water,
Page 64 and 65: 54 5.4.2 Dispersion Dilution and di
Page 66 and 67: 56 5.6 Summary The
Page 68 and 69: 58 6.2 Freshwater Ecosystems 6.2.1
Page 70 and 71: 60 General Assessment Tools Commonl
Page 72 and 73: 62 3. Increasing sediment inputs. 4
Page 74 and 75: 64 considered that taxa richness wa
Page 76 and 77: 66 Freshwater macro-invertebrate me
Page 78 and 79: 68 runoff to fish
Page 80 and 81: 70 deposition, tracking of<
Page 82 and 83: 72 one factor used to classify orga
Page 84 and 85: 74 Zinc Measurement of</str
Page 86 and 87: 76 in stormwater and receiving wate
Page 88 and 89: 78 minute; sub-mitochondrial partic
Page 90 and 91: 80 Toxicity tests have undertaken u
Page 92 and 93: 82 High molecular weight PAHs are t
Page 94 and 95: 84 Note: Sources refer Table 5.2. F
Page 96 and 97: 86 Although a range of</str
Page 98 and 99: 88 Bioaccumulation can be assessed
Page 100 and 101: 90 Figure 6.2 - metal concentration
Page 104 and 105: 94 Water Stormwater quality data fr
Page 106 and 107: 96 7. IDENTIFICATION OF ENVIRONMENT
Page 108 and 109: 98 3. Echinoderm (Fellaster zelandi
Page 110 and 111: 100 trace metals (probably Cu and Z
Page 112 and 113: 102 concentrations of</stro
Page 114 and 115: 104 that “concentrations
Page 116 and 117: 106 A large amount of</stro
Page 118 and 119: 108 A review of se
Page 120 and 121: 110 Samples of man
Page 122 and 123: 112 grazers such as mud flat snails
Page 124 and 125: 114 8. OVERVIEW 8.1 Vehicles as sou
Page 126 and 127: 116 The quality <s
Page 128 and 129: 118 International studies have show
Page 130 and 131: 120 A number of st
Page 132 and 133: 122 construction. Center for Resear
Page 134 and 135: 124 Carey, J.; Cook, P.; Ciesy, J.;
Page 136 and 137: 126 Ellis, J. B. 1986: Pollutional
Page 138 and 139: 128 Harrop D. O. 1984: Stormwater r
Page 140 and 141: 130 Kennedy, P. C.; Kjellstrom, T.
Page 142 and 143: 132 Maltby, L. A.; Boxall, D. M.; F
Page 144 and 145: 134 Novotny, V.; Muehring, D.; Zito
Page 146 and 147: 136 Ruck, J. 1998: Evaluation <stro
Page 148 and 149: 138 Terracciano, S. A.; O’Brien,
Page 150 and 151: 140 Webster, J. G.; Brown, K. L.; W
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142 10. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Thanks to
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The Effects of Road Transport on Freshwater and Marine Ecosystems

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