The Disproportionate Overrepresentation of Minority Youth in ...

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7 an informal adjustment, or be recommended to go on to the stage of petition. “An informal adjustment” is a form of diversion where the youth avoids further processing by agreeing to participate in some type of service (e.g., informal probation, restitution, community service). Under this form of intervention, a youth may be redirected into the system if he/she fails to abide by the conditions of the agreement. State statute requires admittance of guilt as a prerequisite for this outcome. This stage is treated as a trichotomy with release coded 0, informal adjustment coded 1 and further processing coded 2. Petition. The coding of the decision to seek further court processing is represented by 0 where petition equals yes. The decision not to file a petition or if the petition was withdrawn was coded 1. Initial Appearance. This stage in the analysis is included because youth have the option here to agree to a consent decree or a formal adjustment rather than having to go on to the adjudicatory stage in the proceedings. This option is equivalent to the informal adjustment, though a petition has been filed at this point. Again, if a youth fails to adhere to the stipulated conditions he/she may be subject to further juvenile court proceedings. Further court processing is coded 0, while youth receiving a formal adjustment is coded 1. Adjudication. For those youth who did not agree to or have offered to them a formal adjustment, adjudicatory outcomes consist of case dismissals, decisions to withhold adjudication, and adjudications of delinquency. The coding of adjudicatory
8 outcomes is as follows: adjudicated delinquent=O; case dismissed or adjudication withheld=1. Juveniles awaiting adult waiver hearings were not included in the analysis at this stage. Judicial Disposition. As noted by Bishop and Frazier (1988:248) next to the death penalty, transfer to the adult court is the most severe sanction a youth can receive in the juvenile justice system. Therefore, cases that resulted in either a change of placement (e.g., training school, residential facility, group home) or transfer to adult court are coded 0. Referrals that involved a sentence of probation and/or treatment within the community are coded 1. Independent Variables The independent variables include extralegal or social characteristics and information pertaining to prior and current offenses and involvement with the juvenile justice system. The analysis was limited to whites, blacks, and when appropriate, American Native Indians. Other social characteristics are age (interval), gender (male=0, female=1), school status (attending=O, attending but academic or behavioral problems=1, and dropout=2), and family structure (two parent members present=0, one parent member present=1). Both race/ethnicity and school status were treated as dummy variables in the analyses, with whites and attending school the reference groups, respectively.
Page 1 and 2: The Disproportionate Overrepresenta
Page 3 and 4: The Disproportionate Overrepresenta
Page 5 and 6: Each of the following persons, in a
Page 7 and 8: Race Differences in Processing…
Page 9 and 10: Future Opportunities……………
Page 11 and 12: Crimes………………………
Page 13 and 14: LIST OF TABLES Title Page # Summary
Page 15 and 16: Frequency Distributions of Variable
Page 17 and 18: Definition of Variables Used to Rep
Page 19 and 20: Frequency Distributions of Variable
Page 21 and 22: Definitions of Variables Used to Re
Page 23 and 24: Research Sites 2 Due to the relativ
Page 25 and 26: was counted as only one referral. T
Page 27: 6 result of an active policy which
Page 31 and 32: 10 Analysis The analyses followed t
Page 33 and 34: 12 Scott County: At the stage of pe
Page 35 and 36: 14 Table 1. Summary of Research Des
Page 37 and 38: 16 Table 1-continued. _____________
Page 39 and 40: 18 Table 2--Continued. Black Hawk W
Page 41 and 42: Table 3.-continued. 20 Disposition
Page 43 and 44: Table 3.-continued. 22 Disposition
Page 45 and 46: 24 objective of this approach was t
Page 47 and 48: 26 negative light, represented by b
Page 49 and 50: 28 Thus, the decision makers respon
Page 51 and 52: 30 specific county is first present
Page 53 and 54: Table 1. Number of Self-Reports and
Page 55 and 56: 34 in interacting with youth. The e
Page 57 and 58: 36 end up being good and I learned
Page 59 and 60: 38 he is on probation, he knows the
Page 61 and 62: 40 . . . level of supervision and a
Page 63 and 64: 42 For the young black man it is a
Page 65 and 66: 44 (47 percent answered most of the
Page 67 and 68: 46 the result of disproportionate i
Page 69 and 70: 48 court whereas a person without t
Page 71 and 72: 50 and deprivation financially and
Page 73 and 74: 52 referred on to petition. The res
Page 75 and 76: Blacks/Dropout Placement 54 The sec
Page 77 and 78: 56 of things doesn’t get arrested
Page 79 and 80:
58 I think that traditionally Black
Page 81 and 82:
60 while job and they are contribut
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62 be. If someone has done wrong an
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64 also varied. The two more promin
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66 Table 2. Definition of Variables
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Table 3--continued. 68 Variable Nam
Page 91 and 92:
Page 93 and 94:
Table 5--continued. 72 Variable Nam
Page 95 and 96:
Table 5--continued. Variable Name C
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76 Table 7. Frequency Distributions
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Page 101 and 102:
Table 10. Definition of Variable Re
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Table 11--continued. Variable Name
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84 Several black youth felt that wh
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86 Some individuals did believe tha
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88 In summary both races felt that
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90 A black male reasoned that black
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92 variation in the responses. A ma
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94 than white. Almost all of t blac
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96 for a probation violation.” A
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98 get to associate with kids and h
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100 “It’s too hard for me. I do
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102 married or nothing like that.
Page 125 and 126:
104 Table 1. Definition of Variable
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Table 2--continued. White Black Var
Page 129 and 130:
108 Table 4. Frequency Distribution
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110 Table 4--continued. White Black
Page 133 and 134:
Page 135 and 136:
Page 137 and 138:
Page 139 and 140:
Page 141 and 142:
120 more diversified personnel to a
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122 I have problems with the facili
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124 adhere to, you know, to the cou
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126 laymen, lay people the authorit
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128 called an original gang member.
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opportunity, or do you wait for the
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132 ...there’s things that you di
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134 almost never/never). Thirty-fou
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136 I think that may be apart of it
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138 one-time meeting with this fami
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140 …no differences. I don’t th
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142 of our diversion programs as qu
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144 Q. As an excuse for why they co
Page 167 and 168:
146 blacks were released while olde
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148 not be cooperative, it limits y
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150 Indian Youth of America is very
Page 173 and 174:
Blacks, Native American Indians Les
Page 175 and 176:
154 Overall, most of the decision m
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156 same schools in Sioux City. The
Page 179 and 180:
158 A. Well, they’re living in Si
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160 A. Yeah, I think so. I think th
Page 183 and 184:
162 ideological position is evident
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Table 1. Distributions of Decision
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Page 189 and 190:
Table 3--continued 168 Variable Nam
Page 191 and 192:
Page 193 and 194:
Table 5-continued. 172 Variable Nam
Page 195 and 196:
Page 197 and 198:
Table 8. Definition of Variables Re
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Table 10. Definition of Variables R
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Table 11-continued. 178 Variable Na
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Chapter Six Woodbury County Youth T
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182 Q: Do you feel racial discrimin
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improving. There was one twelve yea
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186 Q: Do you feel racial discrimin
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188 Q: Do you feel that a black per
Page 213 and 214:
190 In the interviews, half of the
Page 215 and 216:
192 Trust The question asked in thi
Page 217 and 218:
194 According to the Hispanic youth
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196 he always yells at the black ki
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(58 percent of the whites, 55 perce
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200 Q: Now, tell me why. A: Cause i
Page 225 and 226:
202 Q: You mean of physical harm or
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204 have a lot of respect for the p
Page 229 and 230:
Perceptions of Probation Officers 2
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208 blacks (Tables 5, 6). Generally
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210 Black youth He’s nice. He tal
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212 The first black youth believed
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214 because the teacher would not l
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216 and go to the principal’s off
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218 The youth have taken into consi
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Table 2-continued. White Black Vari
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226 Table 4-continued White Black V
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230 Table 6-continued. White Black
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Page 257 and 258:
Page 259 and 260:
236 Perceived Role of the Court and
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238 There is extremely more paperwo
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As in the responses to the closed e
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242 getting the support from the pa
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244 They seem to want to turn the k
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246 crime. There are some officers,
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Police 248 In response to the close
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250 tend to be drawn to gang activi
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252 Blacks and Detention The first
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254 The problem is availability. Th
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256 the percentages. I don’t know
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258 Table 1. Distributions of Decis
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Table 6. Definition of Variables Re
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Page 295 and 296:
Page 297 and 298:
274 Table 11. Frequency Distributio
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Chapter Eight YOUTH POLK COUNTY The
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278 ...because of the last past thi
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280 equal opportunity; yet, youth w
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282 The trend in the interviews, fo
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284 in the minority. Racism is indi
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286 could single out a group that t
Page 311 and 312:
288 I think it is because they are
Page 313 and 314:
290 could trust the police, there w
Page 315 and 316:
292 View of Probation Officer In th
Page 317 and 318:
294 and he spoke out against me, ma
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296 Some of those blacks who did co
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Summary 298 In general, most of the
Page 323 and 324:
Page 325 and 326:
Page 327 and 328:
Page 329 and 330:
Table 4-continued. White Black Vari
Page 331 and 332:
Page 333 and 334:
Page 335 and 336:
Page 337 and 338:
Charter Nine Adult Decision Makers
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316 from becoming recidivists and
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318 The paperwork. I think I do my
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320 By reading through the intervie
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322 difference is that youth are no
Page 347 and 348:
324 this country. I don’t think i
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326 I think some of them have to pr
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328 I think they’re about the sam
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330 My feeling is that the most com
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332 The Juvenile Justice System In
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334 I have seen a couple of instanc
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336 The Disproportionate Overrepres
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338 It just goes to show that is al
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340 Race Findings Specific to Study
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342 Blacks Receive Consent Decrees
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344 small minority we are dealing w
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346 In response to the second phase
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348 As a person who hires here, I a
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350 Table 1. Distributions of Decis
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Page 377 and 378:
354 Table 3-continued. Variable Nam
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Page 381 and 382:
Page 383 and 384:
Table 6. Definition of Variable Rep
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Page 387 and 388:
Page 389 and 390:
366 Table 11. Frequency Distributio
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Chapter Ten Youth Scott County Ther
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370 have equal job opportunities (6
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372 concerning opportunities in the
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374 police brutality. One expressed
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376 feel police do not treat everyo
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378 just thinks you’re never goin
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380 The results from the self repor
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382 white youth who reported he wou
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384 When asked whether they regrett
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Page 411 and 412:
Page 413 and 414:
Page 415 and 416:
Page 417 and 418:
Page 419 and 420:
Page 421 and 422:
Page 423 and 424:
400 Table 8-continued White Black V
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402 asked more general questions th
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404 however, were the dominant them
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406 In all four counties, decision
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408 Recommendations A number of rec
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410 encourage sexual promiscuity, a
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412 decision makers have little exp
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414 resources and rising expectatio
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416 Depending on the county, decisi
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418 family cooperativeness or defic
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420 Table 1. Summary of Themes and
Page 445 and 446:
422 Explanations of Specific Findin
Page 447:
BIBLIOGRAPHY Bishop, D. and C. Fraz
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