The Disproportionate Overrepresentation of Minority Youth in ...

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31 by the decision makers and the overall impressions of the results from both Phases of the study.
Table 1. Number of Self-Reports and Interviews, Differentiated by County, Status, and Race. Adult (self-reports, interviews) County Race Black Hawk Woodbury Polk Scott ______________________________________________________________________________ Total White 17 23 26 14 80 Black 2 0 2 0 4 ______________________________________________________________________________ Total 19 23 28 14 84 32 Youth (self-reports) County Race Black Hawk Woodbury Polk Scott ______________________________________________________________________________ Total White 60 64 73 66 263 Black 33 40 29 54 156 ______________________________________________________________________________ Total 93 104 102 122 419 Youth (Interviews) County Race Black Hawk Woodbury Polk Scott ______________________________________________________________________________ Total White 20 26 30 26 102 Black 20 6 23 22 71 Hispanic 8 8 Native Americans 9 9 ______________________________________________________________________________ Total 40 49 53 48 190
Page 1 and 2: The Disproportionate Overrepresenta
Page 3 and 4: The Disproportionate Overrepresenta
Page 5 and 6: Each of the following persons, in a
Page 7 and 8: Race Differences in Processing…
Page 9 and 10: Future Opportunities……………
Page 11 and 12: Crimes………………………
Page 13 and 14: LIST OF TABLES Title Page # Summary
Page 15 and 16: Frequency Distributions of Variable
Page 17 and 18: Definition of Variables Used to Rep
Page 19 and 20: Frequency Distributions of Variable
Page 21 and 22: Definitions of Variables Used to Re
Page 23 and 24: Research Sites 2 Due to the relativ
Page 25 and 26: was counted as only one referral. T
Page 27 and 28: 6 result of an active policy which
Page 29 and 30: 8 outcomes is as follows: adjudicat
Page 31 and 32: 10 Analysis The analyses followed t
Page 33 and 34: 12 Scott County: At the stage of pe
Page 35 and 36: 14 Table 1. Summary of Research Des
Page 37 and 38: 16 Table 1-continued. _____________
Page 39 and 40: 18 Table 2--Continued. Black Hawk W
Page 41 and 42: Table 3.-continued. 20 Disposition
Page 43 and 44: Table 3.-continued. 22 Disposition
Page 45 and 46: 24 objective of this approach was t
Page 47 and 48: 26 negative light, represented by b
Page 49 and 50: 28 Thus, the decision makers respon
Page 51: 30 specific county is first present
Page 55 and 56: 34 in interacting with youth. The e
Page 57 and 58: 36 end up being good and I learned
Page 59 and 60: 38 he is on probation, he knows the
Page 61 and 62: 40 . . . level of supervision and a
Page 63 and 64: 42 For the young black man it is a
Page 65 and 66: 44 (47 percent answered most of the
Page 67 and 68: 46 the result of disproportionate i
Page 69 and 70: 48 court whereas a person without t
Page 71 and 72: 50 and deprivation financially and
Page 73 and 74: 52 referred on to petition. The res
Page 75 and 76: Blacks/Dropout Placement 54 The sec
Page 77 and 78: 56 of things doesn’t get arrested
Page 79 and 80: 58 I think that traditionally Black
Page 81 and 82: 60 while job and they are contribut
Page 83 and 84: 62 be. If someone has done wrong an
Page 85 and 86: 64 also varied. The two more promin
Page 87 and 88: 66 Table 2. Definition of Variables
Page 89 and 90: Table 3--continued. 68 Variable Nam
Page 93 and 94: Table 5--continued. 72 Variable Nam
Page 95 and 96: Table 5--continued. Variable Name C
Page 97 and 98: 76 Table 7. Frequency Distributions
Page 101 and 102: Table 10. Definition of Variable Re
Page 103 and 104:
Table 11--continued. Variable Name
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84 Several black youth felt that wh
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86 Some individuals did believe tha
Page 109 and 110:
88 In summary both races felt that
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90 A black male reasoned that black
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92 variation in the responses. A ma
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94 than white. Almost all of t blac
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96 for a probation violation.” A
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98 get to associate with kids and h
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100 “It’s too hard for me. I do
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102 married or nothing like that.
Page 125 and 126:
104 Table 1. Definition of Variable
Page 127 and 128:
Table 2--continued. White Black Var
Page 129 and 130:
108 Table 4. Frequency Distribution
Page 131 and 132:
110 Table 4--continued. White Black
Page 133 and 134:
Page 135 and 136:
Page 137 and 138:
Page 139 and 140:
Page 141 and 142:
120 more diversified personnel to a
Page 143 and 144:
122 I have problems with the facili
Page 145 and 146:
124 adhere to, you know, to the cou
Page 147 and 148:
126 laymen, lay people the authorit
Page 149 and 150:
128 called an original gang member.
Page 151 and 152:
opportunity, or do you wait for the
Page 153 and 154:
132 ...there’s things that you di
Page 155 and 156:
134 almost never/never). Thirty-fou
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136 I think that may be apart of it
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138 one-time meeting with this fami
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140 …no differences. I don’t th
Page 163 and 164:
142 of our diversion programs as qu
Page 165 and 166:
144 Q. As an excuse for why they co
Page 167 and 168:
146 blacks were released while olde
Page 169 and 170:
148 not be cooperative, it limits y
Page 171 and 172:
150 Indian Youth of America is very
Page 173 and 174:
Blacks, Native American Indians Les
Page 175 and 176:
154 Overall, most of the decision m
Page 177 and 178:
156 same schools in Sioux City. The
Page 179 and 180:
158 A. Well, they’re living in Si
Page 181 and 182:
160 A. Yeah, I think so. I think th
Page 183 and 184:
162 ideological position is evident
Page 185 and 186:
Table 1. Distributions of Decision
Page 187 and 188:
Page 189 and 190:
Table 3--continued 168 Variable Nam
Page 191 and 192:
Page 193 and 194:
Table 5-continued. 172 Variable Nam
Page 195 and 196:
Page 197 and 198:
Table 8. Definition of Variables Re
Page 199 and 200:
Table 10. Definition of Variables R
Page 201 and 202:
Table 11-continued. 178 Variable Na
Page 203 and 204:
Chapter Six Woodbury County Youth T
Page 205 and 206:
182 Q: Do you feel racial discrimin
Page 207 and 208:
improving. There was one twelve yea
Page 209 and 210:
186 Q: Do you feel racial discrimin
Page 211 and 212:
188 Q: Do you feel that a black per
Page 213 and 214:
190 In the interviews, half of the
Page 215 and 216:
192 Trust The question asked in thi
Page 217 and 218:
194 According to the Hispanic youth
Page 219 and 220:
196 he always yells at the black ki
Page 221 and 222:
(58 percent of the whites, 55 perce
Page 223 and 224:
200 Q: Now, tell me why. A: Cause i
Page 225 and 226:
202 Q: You mean of physical harm or
Page 227 and 228:
204 have a lot of respect for the p
Page 229 and 230:
Perceptions of Probation Officers 2
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208 blacks (Tables 5, 6). Generally
Page 233 and 234:
210 Black youth He’s nice. He tal
Page 235 and 236:
212 The first black youth believed
Page 237 and 238:
214 because the teacher would not l
Page 239 and 240:
216 and go to the principal’s off
Page 241 and 242:
218 The youth have taken into consi
Page 243 and 244:
Page 245 and 246:
Table 2-continued. White Black Vari
Page 247 and 248:
Page 249 and 250:
226 Table 4-continued White Black V
Page 251 and 252:
Page 253 and 254:
230 Table 6-continued. White Black
Page 255 and 256:
Page 257 and 258:
Page 259 and 260:
236 Perceived Role of the Court and
Page 261 and 262:
238 There is extremely more paperwo
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As in the responses to the closed e
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242 getting the support from the pa
Page 267 and 268:
244 They seem to want to turn the k
Page 269 and 270:
246 crime. There are some officers,
Page 271 and 272:
Police 248 In response to the close
Page 273 and 274:
250 tend to be drawn to gang activi
Page 275 and 276:
252 Blacks and Detention The first
Page 277 and 278:
254 The problem is availability. Th
Page 279 and 280:
256 the percentages. I don’t know
Page 281 and 282:
258 Table 1. Distributions of Decis
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Page 287 and 288:
Page 289 and 290:
Page 291 and 292:
Table 6. Definition of Variables Re
Page 293 and 294:
Page 295 and 296:
Page 297 and 298:
274 Table 11. Frequency Distributio
Page 299 and 300:
Chapter Eight YOUTH POLK COUNTY The
Page 301 and 302:
278 ...because of the last past thi
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280 equal opportunity; yet, youth w
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282 The trend in the interviews, fo
Page 307 and 308:
284 in the minority. Racism is indi
Page 309 and 310:
286 could single out a group that t
Page 311 and 312:
288 I think it is because they are
Page 313 and 314:
290 could trust the police, there w
Page 315 and 316:
292 View of Probation Officer In th
Page 317 and 318:
294 and he spoke out against me, ma
Page 319 and 320:
296 Some of those blacks who did co
Page 321 and 322:
Summary 298 In general, most of the
Page 323 and 324:
Page 325 and 326:
Page 327 and 328:
Page 329 and 330:
Table 4-continued. White Black Vari
Page 331 and 332:
Page 333 and 334:
Page 335 and 336:
Page 337 and 338:
Charter Nine Adult Decision Makers
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316 from becoming recidivists and
Page 341 and 342:
318 The paperwork. I think I do my
Page 343 and 344:
320 By reading through the intervie
Page 345 and 346:
322 difference is that youth are no
Page 347 and 348:
324 this country. I don’t think i
Page 349 and 350:
326 I think some of them have to pr
Page 351 and 352:
328 I think they’re about the sam
Page 353 and 354:
330 My feeling is that the most com
Page 355 and 356:
332 The Juvenile Justice System In
Page 357 and 358:
334 I have seen a couple of instanc
Page 359 and 360:
336 The Disproportionate Overrepres
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338 It just goes to show that is al
Page 363 and 364:
340 Race Findings Specific to Study
Page 365 and 366:
342 Blacks Receive Consent Decrees
Page 367 and 368:
344 small minority we are dealing w
Page 369 and 370:
346 In response to the second phase
Page 371 and 372:
348 As a person who hires here, I a
Page 373 and 374:
350 Table 1. Distributions of Decis
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Page 377 and 378:
354 Table 3-continued. Variable Nam
Page 379 and 380:
Page 381 and 382:
Page 383 and 384:
Table 6. Definition of Variable Rep
Page 385 and 386:
Page 387 and 388:
Page 389 and 390:
366 Table 11. Frequency Distributio
Page 391 and 392:
Chapter Ten Youth Scott County Ther
Page 393 and 394:
370 have equal job opportunities (6
Page 395 and 396:
372 concerning opportunities in the
Page 397 and 398:
374 police brutality. One expressed
Page 399 and 400:
376 feel police do not treat everyo
Page 401 and 402:
378 just thinks you’re never goin
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380 The results from the self repor
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382 white youth who reported he wou
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384 When asked whether they regrett
Page 409 and 410:
Page 411 and 412:
Page 413 and 414:
Page 415 and 416:
Page 417 and 418:
Page 419 and 420:
Page 421 and 422:
Page 423 and 424:
400 Table 8-continued White Black V
Page 425 and 426:
402 asked more general questions th
Page 427 and 428:
404 however, were the dominant them
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406 In all four counties, decision
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408 Recommendations A number of rec
Page 433 and 434:
410 encourage sexual promiscuity, a
Page 435 and 436:
412 decision makers have little exp
Page 437 and 438:
414 resources and rising expectatio
Page 439 and 440:
416 Depending on the county, decisi
Page 441 and 442:
418 family cooperativeness or defic
Page 443 and 444:
420 Table 1. Summary of Themes and
Page 445 and 446:
422 Explanations of Specific Findin
Page 447:
BIBLIOGRAPHY Bishop, D. and C. Fraz
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The Disproportionate Overrepresentation of Minority Youth in ...

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