The Disproportionate Overrepresentation of Minority Youth in ...

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Acknowledgements This project would have not been possible if it were not for the support I received from a number of agencies and individuals over the last three years. I would first like to thank the Juvenile Justice Advisory Council of Iowa and Dave Kuker, Lori Rinehart, Dick Moore from the Division of Criminal and Juvenile Justice Planning of Iowa. The Chief District Juvenile Court Officers (Steve Smith, Dan Conway, Pat Hendrickson, Roger Penn, and Bert Aunan), the individual juvenile court officers, and the rest of staff at each of the county offices also deserve a thank you. The public defenders, prosecutors, referees, and judges who participated in the study are also acknowledged for their help. Special thanks go out to Tina Van Houweding, Herb Kueny, and Everette Laning. A variety of agencies also need to be thanked for their cooperation and patience: the Day Treatment Program for Children with Behavioral Disorders, the Center of Alcohol and Drug Services, Lesley East and West, Meyer Hall and other detention facilities in the four counties, various group homes and residential treatment centers, Quakerdale, Steve Houston and staff at the Eldora State Training School, youth shelters, and Wayne Ford and the staff at Urban Dreams. Again, I would like to thank these groups and the other people and agencies who have not been cited here for their support. Their help is greatly appreciated. There are many people who worked on the research that I would also like to thank. They are: Cynthia Green, Mary Mc Laughlin, Lesley Martin, Jeanne Kass, Bernice Burnett, Carol Newkirk, Shelia Burnett, Sean Anderson, Holly Graves, Kathleen Kauth, Tadd Cline, Karen Mead, Tony Foy, Margaret Cejas, Maria Watson, Jodi Silberman, Susan Lancaster, Teresa McCormick, Claudette Carr, Jason Nelson, Christina Schaul, Donna Shuer, Mark Sturgevant, Debborah Erickson, Brent Lindberg, Jill Hermsen, Lesile Lawson, Donna Lowry, Vanessa Nassif, Howard LeFiore, Michelle Lilla, Sandy Bell, Laure Muehlstedt, Kathleen Markway, Jayne Arneil, Laticia Valdes, Carrie Barrette, Skipp Slattenow, Jenean Harris, Carrie Amsbary, Anita Norwood, Brian Herboid, Brenda Meyer, Britt Peterson, Scott Barngrove, Tom Curry, Lisa Bries, Shane Wrage, Mary Howard, Laurie Nusbaum, Christa Lovell, Angie Michel, Jae Phil Cho, and the secretarial staff at the University of Northern Iowa. Jeff Spears also deserves acknowledgement and a special thank you for his effort. I would like to also thank Carl Pope, Cassia Spohn, William Feyerherm, Keith Crew, Virgil Nowack, Tom Hill, Gene Lutz, Bob Kramer, and Margaret Farnworth. William Downs of the Adolescent Center at the University of Northern Iowa also deserves a thank you for his support. i
Each of the following persons, in addition to other things, wrote most of the material in a number of the Chapters: Cher Carney, Karen Bell, Dana Smith, Michelle Roudebush, Russell Muilenburg, and Mary Jane Crew. Each of these individuals spent a considerable amount of time and energy on the project. You all did a great job! Thank you. A special thank you also needs to be extended to Molly Cargin, Mary Wacker, Anne Woodrick, and David Atwood. All provided valuable support and encouragement during the three years of the project. Last, I would like to thank all the youth who voluntarily participated in the study. Hopefully, the study and the results will have an impact. ii
Page 1 and 2: The Disproportionate Overrepresenta
Page 3: The Disproportionate Overrepresenta
Page 7 and 8: Race Differences in Processing…
Page 9 and 10: Future Opportunities……………
Page 11 and 12: Crimes………………………
Page 13 and 14: LIST OF TABLES Title Page # Summary
Page 15 and 16: Frequency Distributions of Variable
Page 17 and 18: Definition of Variables Used to Rep
Page 19 and 20: Frequency Distributions of Variable
Page 21 and 22: Definitions of Variables Used to Re
Page 23 and 24: Research Sites 2 Due to the relativ
Page 25 and 26: was counted as only one referral. T
Page 27 and 28: 6 result of an active policy which
Page 29 and 30: 8 outcomes is as follows: adjudicat
Page 31 and 32: 10 Analysis The analyses followed t
Page 33 and 34: 12 Scott County: At the stage of pe
Page 35 and 36: 14 Table 1. Summary of Research Des
Page 37 and 38: 16 Table 1-continued. _____________
Page 39 and 40: 18 Table 2--Continued. Black Hawk W
Page 41 and 42: Table 3.-continued. 20 Disposition
Page 43 and 44: Table 3.-continued. 22 Disposition
Page 45 and 46: 24 objective of this approach was t
Page 47 and 48: 26 negative light, represented by b
Page 49 and 50: 28 Thus, the decision makers respon
Page 51 and 52: 30 specific county is first present
Page 53 and 54: Table 1. Number of Self-Reports and
Page 55 and 56:
34 in interacting with youth. The e
Page 57 and 58:
36 end up being good and I learned
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38 he is on probation, he knows the
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40 . . . level of supervision and a
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42 For the young black man it is a
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44 (47 percent answered most of the
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46 the result of disproportionate i
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48 court whereas a person without t
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50 and deprivation financially and
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52 referred on to petition. The res
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Blacks/Dropout Placement 54 The sec
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56 of things doesn’t get arrested
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58 I think that traditionally Black
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60 while job and they are contribut
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62 be. If someone has done wrong an
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64 also varied. The two more promin
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66 Table 2. Definition of Variables
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Table 3--continued. 68 Variable Nam
Page 91 and 92:
Page 93 and 94:
Table 5--continued. 72 Variable Nam
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Table 5--continued. Variable Name C
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76 Table 7. Frequency Distributions
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Page 101 and 102:
Table 10. Definition of Variable Re
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Table 11--continued. Variable Name
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84 Several black youth felt that wh
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86 Some individuals did believe tha
Page 109 and 110:
88 In summary both races felt that
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90 A black male reasoned that black
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92 variation in the responses. A ma
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94 than white. Almost all of t blac
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96 for a probation violation.” A
Page 119 and 120:
98 get to associate with kids and h
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100 “It’s too hard for me. I do
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102 married or nothing like that.
Page 125 and 126:
104 Table 1. Definition of Variable
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Table 2--continued. White Black Var
Page 129 and 130:
108 Table 4. Frequency Distribution
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110 Table 4--continued. White Black
Page 133 and 134:
Page 135 and 136:
Page 137 and 138:
Page 139 and 140:
Page 141 and 142:
120 more diversified personnel to a
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122 I have problems with the facili
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124 adhere to, you know, to the cou
Page 147 and 148:
126 laymen, lay people the authorit
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128 called an original gang member.
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opportunity, or do you wait for the
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132 ...there’s things that you di
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134 almost never/never). Thirty-fou
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136 I think that may be apart of it
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138 one-time meeting with this fami
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140 …no differences. I don’t th
Page 163 and 164:
142 of our diversion programs as qu
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144 Q. As an excuse for why they co
Page 167 and 168:
146 blacks were released while olde
Page 169 and 170:
148 not be cooperative, it limits y
Page 171 and 172:
150 Indian Youth of America is very
Page 173 and 174:
Blacks, Native American Indians Les
Page 175 and 176:
154 Overall, most of the decision m
Page 177 and 178:
156 same schools in Sioux City. The
Page 179 and 180:
158 A. Well, they’re living in Si
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160 A. Yeah, I think so. I think th
Page 183 and 184:
162 ideological position is evident
Page 185 and 186:
Table 1. Distributions of Decision
Page 187 and 188:
Page 189 and 190:
Table 3--continued 168 Variable Nam
Page 191 and 192:
Page 193 and 194:
Table 5-continued. 172 Variable Nam
Page 195 and 196:
Page 197 and 198:
Table 8. Definition of Variables Re
Page 199 and 200:
Table 10. Definition of Variables R
Page 201 and 202:
Table 11-continued. 178 Variable Na
Page 203 and 204:
Chapter Six Woodbury County Youth T
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182 Q: Do you feel racial discrimin
Page 207 and 208:
improving. There was one twelve yea
Page 209 and 210:
186 Q: Do you feel racial discrimin
Page 211 and 212:
188 Q: Do you feel that a black per
Page 213 and 214:
190 In the interviews, half of the
Page 215 and 216:
192 Trust The question asked in thi
Page 217 and 218:
194 According to the Hispanic youth
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196 he always yells at the black ki
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(58 percent of the whites, 55 perce
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200 Q: Now, tell me why. A: Cause i
Page 225 and 226:
202 Q: You mean of physical harm or
Page 227 and 228:
204 have a lot of respect for the p
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Perceptions of Probation Officers 2
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208 blacks (Tables 5, 6). Generally
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210 Black youth He’s nice. He tal
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212 The first black youth believed
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214 because the teacher would not l
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216 and go to the principal’s off
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218 The youth have taken into consi
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Table 2-continued. White Black Vari
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226 Table 4-continued White Black V
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Page 253 and 254:
230 Table 6-continued. White Black
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Page 257 and 258:
Page 259 and 260:
236 Perceived Role of the Court and
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238 There is extremely more paperwo
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As in the responses to the closed e
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242 getting the support from the pa
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244 They seem to want to turn the k
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246 crime. There are some officers,
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Police 248 In response to the close
Page 273 and 274:
250 tend to be drawn to gang activi
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252 Blacks and Detention The first
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254 The problem is availability. Th
Page 279 and 280:
256 the percentages. I don’t know
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258 Table 1. Distributions of Decis
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Page 287 and 288:
Page 289 and 290:
Page 291 and 292:
Table 6. Definition of Variables Re
Page 293 and 294:
Page 295 and 296:
Page 297 and 298:
274 Table 11. Frequency Distributio
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Chapter Eight YOUTH POLK COUNTY The
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278 ...because of the last past thi
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280 equal opportunity; yet, youth w
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282 The trend in the interviews, fo
Page 307 and 308:
284 in the minority. Racism is indi
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286 could single out a group that t
Page 311 and 312:
288 I think it is because they are
Page 313 and 314:
290 could trust the police, there w
Page 315 and 316:
292 View of Probation Officer In th
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294 and he spoke out against me, ma
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296 Some of those blacks who did co
Page 321 and 322:
Summary 298 In general, most of the
Page 323 and 324:
Page 325 and 326:
Page 327 and 328:
Page 329 and 330:
Table 4-continued. White Black Vari
Page 331 and 332:
Page 333 and 334:
Page 335 and 336:
Page 337 and 338:
Charter Nine Adult Decision Makers
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316 from becoming recidivists and
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318 The paperwork. I think I do my
Page 343 and 344:
320 By reading through the intervie
Page 345 and 346:
322 difference is that youth are no
Page 347 and 348:
324 this country. I don’t think i
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326 I think some of them have to pr
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328 I think they’re about the sam
Page 353 and 354:
330 My feeling is that the most com
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332 The Juvenile Justice System In
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334 I have seen a couple of instanc
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336 The Disproportionate Overrepres
Page 361 and 362:
338 It just goes to show that is al
Page 363 and 364:
340 Race Findings Specific to Study
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342 Blacks Receive Consent Decrees
Page 367 and 368:
344 small minority we are dealing w
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346 In response to the second phase
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348 As a person who hires here, I a
Page 373 and 374:
350 Table 1. Distributions of Decis
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Page 377 and 378:
354 Table 3-continued. Variable Nam
Page 379 and 380:
Page 381 and 382:
Page 383 and 384:
Table 6. Definition of Variable Rep
Page 385 and 386:
Page 387 and 388:
Page 389 and 390:
366 Table 11. Frequency Distributio
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Chapter Ten Youth Scott County Ther
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370 have equal job opportunities (6
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372 concerning opportunities in the
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374 police brutality. One expressed
Page 399 and 400:
376 feel police do not treat everyo
Page 401 and 402:
378 just thinks you’re never goin
Page 403 and 404:
380 The results from the self repor
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382 white youth who reported he wou
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384 When asked whether they regrett
Page 409 and 410:
Page 411 and 412:
Page 413 and 414:
Page 415 and 416:
Page 417 and 418:
Page 419 and 420:
Page 421 and 422:
Page 423 and 424:
400 Table 8-continued White Black V
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402 asked more general questions th
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404 however, were the dominant them
Page 429 and 430:
406 In all four counties, decision
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408 Recommendations A number of rec
Page 433 and 434:
410 encourage sexual promiscuity, a
Page 435 and 436:
412 decision makers have little exp
Page 437 and 438:
414 resources and rising expectatio
Page 439 and 440:
416 Depending on the county, decisi
Page 441 and 442:
418 family cooperativeness or defic
Page 443 and 444:
420 Table 1. Summary of Themes and
Page 445 and 446:
422 Explanations of Specific Findin
Page 447:
BIBLIOGRAPHY Bishop, D. and C. Fraz
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