The Disproportionate Overrepresentation of Minority Youth in ...

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TABLE QF CONTENTS Page No. Acknowledgements………………………………………………………………………..i Table of Contents………………………………………………………………………...iii List of Tables…………………………………………………………………………...…x Chapter One: A Review of Phase One of the Study……………………………………....1 Research Sites………………………………………………………………....2 Sample Selection ……………………………………………………………...3 Variables……………………………………………………………………....6 Independent Variables………………………………………………………...8 Analysis………………………………………………………………………10 Race Specific Findings from Phase One……………………………………...10 Reanalysis of Decision Making at Judicial Disposition…………………………12 Chapter Two: Phase Two of the Research……………………………………………… 19 Rational for Phase Two of the Study…………………………………………… 20 Research Methods ……………………………………………………………….23 Sampling and Distributions ……………………………………………….23 Questions Contained Within Surveys and Interviews....…………………..25 Organization of the Report ……………………………………………………...25 Chapter Three: Adult Decision Makers Black Hawk County………………………….. 29 Perceived Role of the Court and Views of the System ………………………….29 Rehabilitation/Legalistic Orientation …………………………………….29 Race Differences in General …………………………………………………….36 Crime…………………………………………………………………….36 Family …………………………………………………………………...37 Distrust of System……………………………………………………….39 iii
Race Differences in Processing…………………………………………………41 Police……………………………………………………………………41 Access to Counsel………………………………………………………43 The Disproportionate Overrepresentation of Minorities……………………………………………………………………………….44 Race Findings Specific to Study ………………………………………………..47 Blacks/#Current Charges Referred to Petition ………………………….47 Blacks/Dropout Placement ……………………………………………...50 Females Placement ……………………………………………………...51 Large Number of Youth Referred to Court……………………………...53 Feelings About the Study Overall……………………………………….55 Suggestions for Change………………………………………………………….55 Summary ………………………………………………………………………..58 Chapter Four: Youth Black Hawk County………………………………………………76 General Perceptions……………………………………………………………...76 Discrimination……………………………………………………………76 Opportunities ……………………………………………………………78 Trust…………………………………………………………………….. 80 View of Police…………………………………………………………………... 81 Treatment……………………………………………………………….. 81 Respect ………………………………………………………………….84 View of Probation Officer……………………………………………………… 87 Treatment………………………………………………………………..87 Respect…………………………………………………………………. 89 Problems in the System …………………………………………………………91 Views of School …………………………………………………………………92 Educational Ambitions ………………………………………………….92
Page 1 and 2: The Disproportionate Overrepresenta
Page 3 and 4: The Disproportionate Overrepresenta
Page 5: Each of the following persons, in a
Page 9 and 10: Future Opportunities……………
Page 11 and 12: Crimes………………………
Page 13 and 14: LIST OF TABLES Title Page # Summary
Page 15 and 16: Frequency Distributions of Variable
Page 17 and 18: Definition of Variables Used to Rep
Page 19 and 20: Frequency Distributions of Variable
Page 21 and 22: Definitions of Variables Used to Re
Page 23 and 24: Research Sites 2 Due to the relativ
Page 25 and 26: was counted as only one referral. T
Page 27 and 28: 6 result of an active policy which
Page 29 and 30: 8 outcomes is as follows: adjudicat
Page 31 and 32: 10 Analysis The analyses followed t
Page 33 and 34: 12 Scott County: At the stage of pe
Page 35 and 36: 14 Table 1. Summary of Research Des
Page 37 and 38: 16 Table 1-continued. _____________
Page 39 and 40: 18 Table 2--Continued. Black Hawk W
Page 41 and 42: Table 3.-continued. 20 Disposition
Page 43 and 44: Table 3.-continued. 22 Disposition
Page 45 and 46: 24 objective of this approach was t
Page 47 and 48: 26 negative light, represented by b
Page 49 and 50: 28 Thus, the decision makers respon
Page 51 and 52: 30 specific county is first present
Page 53 and 54: Table 1. Number of Self-Reports and
Page 55 and 56: 34 in interacting with youth. The e
Page 57 and 58:
36 end up being good and I learned
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38 he is on probation, he knows the
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40 . . . level of supervision and a
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42 For the young black man it is a
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44 (47 percent answered most of the
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46 the result of disproportionate i
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48 court whereas a person without t
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50 and deprivation financially and
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52 referred on to petition. The res
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Blacks/Dropout Placement 54 The sec
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56 of things doesn’t get arrested
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58 I think that traditionally Black
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60 while job and they are contribut
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62 be. If someone has done wrong an
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64 also varied. The two more promin
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66 Table 2. Definition of Variables
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Table 3--continued. 68 Variable Nam
Page 91 and 92:
Page 93 and 94:
Table 5--continued. 72 Variable Nam
Page 95 and 96:
Table 5--continued. Variable Name C
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76 Table 7. Frequency Distributions
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Page 101 and 102:
Table 10. Definition of Variable Re
Page 103 and 104:
Table 11--continued. Variable Name
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84 Several black youth felt that wh
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86 Some individuals did believe tha
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88 In summary both races felt that
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90 A black male reasoned that black
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92 variation in the responses. A ma
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94 than white. Almost all of t blac
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96 for a probation violation.” A
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98 get to associate with kids and h
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100 “It’s too hard for me. I do
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102 married or nothing like that.
Page 125 and 126:
104 Table 1. Definition of Variable
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Table 2--continued. White Black Var
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108 Table 4. Frequency Distribution
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110 Table 4--continued. White Black
Page 133 and 134:
Page 135 and 136:
Page 137 and 138:
Page 139 and 140:
Page 141 and 142:
120 more diversified personnel to a
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122 I have problems with the facili
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124 adhere to, you know, to the cou
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126 laymen, lay people the authorit
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128 called an original gang member.
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opportunity, or do you wait for the
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132 ...there’s things that you di
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134 almost never/never). Thirty-fou
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136 I think that may be apart of it
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138 one-time meeting with this fami
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140 …no differences. I don’t th
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142 of our diversion programs as qu
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144 Q. As an excuse for why they co
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146 blacks were released while olde
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148 not be cooperative, it limits y
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150 Indian Youth of America is very
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Blacks, Native American Indians Les
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154 Overall, most of the decision m
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156 same schools in Sioux City. The
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158 A. Well, they’re living in Si
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160 A. Yeah, I think so. I think th
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162 ideological position is evident
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Table 1. Distributions of Decision
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Table 3--continued 168 Variable Nam
Page 191 and 192:
Page 193 and 194:
Table 5-continued. 172 Variable Nam
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Page 197 and 198:
Table 8. Definition of Variables Re
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Table 10. Definition of Variables R
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Table 11-continued. 178 Variable Na
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Chapter Six Woodbury County Youth T
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182 Q: Do you feel racial discrimin
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improving. There was one twelve yea
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186 Q: Do you feel racial discrimin
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188 Q: Do you feel that a black per
Page 213 and 214:
190 In the interviews, half of the
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192 Trust The question asked in thi
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194 According to the Hispanic youth
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196 he always yells at the black ki
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(58 percent of the whites, 55 perce
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200 Q: Now, tell me why. A: Cause i
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202 Q: You mean of physical harm or
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204 have a lot of respect for the p
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Perceptions of Probation Officers 2
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208 blacks (Tables 5, 6). Generally
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210 Black youth He’s nice. He tal
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212 The first black youth believed
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214 because the teacher would not l
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216 and go to the principal’s off
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218 The youth have taken into consi
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Table 2-continued. White Black Vari
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226 Table 4-continued White Black V
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Page 253 and 254:
230 Table 6-continued. White Black
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Page 257 and 258:
Page 259 and 260:
236 Perceived Role of the Court and
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238 There is extremely more paperwo
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As in the responses to the closed e
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242 getting the support from the pa
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244 They seem to want to turn the k
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246 crime. There are some officers,
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Police 248 In response to the close
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250 tend to be drawn to gang activi
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252 Blacks and Detention The first
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254 The problem is availability. Th
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256 the percentages. I don’t know
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258 Table 1. Distributions of Decis
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Page 287 and 288:
Page 289 and 290:
Page 291 and 292:
Table 6. Definition of Variables Re
Page 293 and 294:
Page 295 and 296:
Page 297 and 298:
274 Table 11. Frequency Distributio
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Chapter Eight YOUTH POLK COUNTY The
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278 ...because of the last past thi
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280 equal opportunity; yet, youth w
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282 The trend in the interviews, fo
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284 in the minority. Racism is indi
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286 could single out a group that t
Page 311 and 312:
288 I think it is because they are
Page 313 and 314:
290 could trust the police, there w
Page 315 and 316:
292 View of Probation Officer In th
Page 317 and 318:
294 and he spoke out against me, ma
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296 Some of those blacks who did co
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Summary 298 In general, most of the
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Page 325 and 326:
Page 327 and 328:
Page 329 and 330:
Table 4-continued. White Black Vari
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Page 333 and 334:
Page 335 and 336:
Page 337 and 338:
Charter Nine Adult Decision Makers
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316 from becoming recidivists and
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318 The paperwork. I think I do my
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320 By reading through the intervie
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322 difference is that youth are no
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324 this country. I don’t think i
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326 I think some of them have to pr
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328 I think they’re about the sam
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330 My feeling is that the most com
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332 The Juvenile Justice System In
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334 I have seen a couple of instanc
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336 The Disproportionate Overrepres
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338 It just goes to show that is al
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340 Race Findings Specific to Study
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342 Blacks Receive Consent Decrees
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344 small minority we are dealing w
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346 In response to the second phase
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348 As a person who hires here, I a
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350 Table 1. Distributions of Decis
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Page 377 and 378:
354 Table 3-continued. Variable Nam
Page 379 and 380:
Page 381 and 382:
Page 383 and 384:
Table 6. Definition of Variable Rep
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Page 387 and 388:
Page 389 and 390:
366 Table 11. Frequency Distributio
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Chapter Ten Youth Scott County Ther
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370 have equal job opportunities (6
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372 concerning opportunities in the
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374 police brutality. One expressed
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376 feel police do not treat everyo
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378 just thinks you’re never goin
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380 The results from the self repor
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382 white youth who reported he wou
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384 When asked whether they regrett
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Page 411 and 412:
Page 413 and 414:
Page 415 and 416:
Page 417 and 418:
Page 419 and 420:
Page 421 and 422:
Page 423 and 424:
400 Table 8-continued White Black V
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402 asked more general questions th
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404 however, were the dominant them
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406 In all four counties, decision
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408 Recommendations A number of rec
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410 encourage sexual promiscuity, a
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412 decision makers have little exp
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414 resources and rising expectatio
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416 Depending on the county, decisi
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418 family cooperativeness or defic
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420 Table 1. Summary of Themes and
Page 445 and 446:
422 Explanations of Specific Findin
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Bishop, D. and C. Fraz
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The Disproportionate Overrepresentation of Minority Youth in ...

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