The Disproportionate Overrepresentation of Minority Youth in ...

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39 at risk kind of kids. But, the carryover is that it is a much more demanding job. I think we are held more accountable. I certainly think through the court we are held more accountable as probation officers. I think attorneys look more strictly. . .I think that the judges that we have right now expect that we report to the court when we have problems… things are a lot more complicated... Legal system is becoming increasingly cluttered and jammed up, resource poor.. It takes more energy and more effort to do less for a case.., responsibilities are increasing. Funds, we can’t get the resources Programs created to maintain staffing levels— (so as to) not lose jobs (in the office) I would say that ...processing the paper becomes more important than dealing with the kids. We used to do preventive education kinds of things, do very little of that now. It used to be that we had a lot more, well, we were a lot more independent. I don’t mean that so that kids couldn’t have their rights, but 80 that they could be processed through or worked with in a more timely manner and in what I consider more of a humane manner, It used to be here in the office we had discussions about who we were, were we social workers, were we counselors, or were we probation officers, meaning that we were more law and order like policemen. We used to have these debates back and forth and people aligned with those certain groups and certain people including me, thought that we should be called juvenile court counselors. And other people thought that we were probation officers and probation officers to them were like part of the arm of the police department and we would go in different directions. But, we no longer have debates like that...I think that more people are aligned with the law and order part and it is almost like people are tired and look for what is thought to be some easier answer.
40 . . . level of supervision and administration could be better ...provide some assistance to officers. Frustration with the state was more prominent of a theme than with the supervision of their own office. Most officers seemed to be content with their job and role as a juvenile justice decision maker. Race Differences in General Crime Juvenile justice decision makers were asked if they believed blacks commit different crimes and more crime in contrast to whites. Responses to these closed ended questions and others are presented in Tables six and seven. A large percentage of the personnel did not agree with the statement that blacks commit different crimes than whites (76 percent strongly disagreed/disagreed) or more crime (58 percent strongly disagreed/disagreed). Twenty-four percent, however, agreed with the latter statement. The dominant theme from the interviews is that black youth do not commit more crime and/or more serious crime. There are some officers, however, who believe that minorities commit different kinds of crimes. Actually, I would say that what I have seen here, it would seem that the minorities are involved in more of the petty charges, the theft, the shoplifting, the property crimes, whereas what I see...the typical white kid will be here on a car theft or a car stereo theft which is more of a higher value of a crime ... white delinquents ... are more serious.
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The Disproportionate Overrepresenta
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The Disproportionate Overrepresenta
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Each of the following persons, in a
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Race Differences in Processing…
Page 9 and 10: Future Opportunities……………
Page 11 and 12: Crimes………………………
Page 13 and 14: LIST OF TABLES Title Page # Summary
Page 15 and 16: Frequency Distributions of Variable
Page 17 and 18: Definition of Variables Used to Rep
Page 19 and 20: Frequency Distributions of Variable
Page 21 and 22: Definitions of Variables Used to Re
Page 23 and 24: Research Sites 2 Due to the relativ
Page 25 and 26: was counted as only one referral. T
Page 27 and 28: 6 result of an active policy which
Page 29 and 30: 8 outcomes is as follows: adjudicat
Page 31 and 32: 10 Analysis The analyses followed t
Page 33 and 34: 12 Scott County: At the stage of pe
Page 35 and 36: 14 Table 1. Summary of Research Des
Page 37 and 38: 16 Table 1-continued. _____________
Page 39 and 40: 18 Table 2--Continued. Black Hawk W
Page 41 and 42: Table 3.-continued. 20 Disposition
Page 43 and 44: Table 3.-continued. 22 Disposition
Page 45 and 46: 24 objective of this approach was t
Page 47 and 48: 26 negative light, represented by b
Page 49 and 50: 28 Thus, the decision makers respon
Page 51 and 52: 30 specific county is first present
Page 53 and 54: Table 1. Number of Self-Reports and
Page 55 and 56: 34 in interacting with youth. The e
Page 57 and 58: 36 end up being good and I learned
Page 59: 38 he is on probation, he knows the
Page 63 and 64: 42 For the young black man it is a
Page 65 and 66: 44 (47 percent answered most of the
Page 67 and 68: 46 the result of disproportionate i
Page 69 and 70: 48 court whereas a person without t
Page 71 and 72: 50 and deprivation financially and
Page 73 and 74: 52 referred on to petition. The res
Page 75 and 76: Blacks/Dropout Placement 54 The sec
Page 77 and 78: 56 of things doesn’t get arrested
Page 79 and 80: 58 I think that traditionally Black
Page 81 and 82: 60 while job and they are contribut
Page 83 and 84: 62 be. If someone has done wrong an
Page 85 and 86: 64 also varied. The two more promin
Page 87 and 88: 66 Table 2. Definition of Variables
Page 89 and 90: Table 3--continued. 68 Variable Nam
Page 93 and 94: Table 5--continued. 72 Variable Nam
Page 95 and 96: Table 5--continued. Variable Name C
Page 97 and 98: 76 Table 7. Frequency Distributions
Page 101 and 102: Table 10. Definition of Variable Re
Page 103 and 104: Table 11--continued. Variable Name
Page 105 and 106: 84 Several black youth felt that wh
Page 107 and 108: 86 Some individuals did believe tha
Page 109 and 110: 88 In summary both races felt that
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90 A black male reasoned that black
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92 variation in the responses. A ma
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94 than white. Almost all of t blac
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96 for a probation violation.” A
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98 get to associate with kids and h
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100 “It’s too hard for me. I do
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102 married or nothing like that.
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104 Table 1. Definition of Variable
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Table 2--continued. White Black Var
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108 Table 4. Frequency Distribution
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110 Table 4--continued. White Black
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120 more diversified personnel to a
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122 I have problems with the facili
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124 adhere to, you know, to the cou
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126 laymen, lay people the authorit
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128 called an original gang member.
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opportunity, or do you wait for the
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132 ...there’s things that you di
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134 almost never/never). Thirty-fou
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136 I think that may be apart of it
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138 one-time meeting with this fami
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140 …no differences. I don’t th
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142 of our diversion programs as qu
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144 Q. As an excuse for why they co
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146 blacks were released while olde
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148 not be cooperative, it limits y
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150 Indian Youth of America is very
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Blacks, Native American Indians Les
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154 Overall, most of the decision m
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156 same schools in Sioux City. The
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158 A. Well, they’re living in Si
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160 A. Yeah, I think so. I think th
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162 ideological position is evident
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Table 1. Distributions of Decision
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Table 3--continued 168 Variable Nam
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Table 5-continued. 172 Variable Nam
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Table 8. Definition of Variables Re
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Table 10. Definition of Variables R
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Table 11-continued. 178 Variable Na
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Chapter Six Woodbury County Youth T
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182 Q: Do you feel racial discrimin
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improving. There was one twelve yea
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186 Q: Do you feel racial discrimin
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188 Q: Do you feel that a black per
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190 In the interviews, half of the
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192 Trust The question asked in thi
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194 According to the Hispanic youth
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196 he always yells at the black ki
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(58 percent of the whites, 55 perce
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200 Q: Now, tell me why. A: Cause i
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202 Q: You mean of physical harm or
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204 have a lot of respect for the p
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Perceptions of Probation Officers 2
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208 blacks (Tables 5, 6). Generally
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210 Black youth He’s nice. He tal
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212 The first black youth believed
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214 because the teacher would not l
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216 and go to the principal’s off
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218 The youth have taken into consi
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Table 2-continued. White Black Vari
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226 Table 4-continued White Black V
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230 Table 6-continued. White Black
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236 Perceived Role of the Court and
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238 There is extremely more paperwo
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As in the responses to the closed e
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242 getting the support from the pa
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244 They seem to want to turn the k
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246 crime. There are some officers,
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Police 248 In response to the close
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250 tend to be drawn to gang activi
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252 Blacks and Detention The first
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254 The problem is availability. Th
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256 the percentages. I don’t know
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258 Table 1. Distributions of Decis
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Table 6. Definition of Variables Re
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274 Table 11. Frequency Distributio
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Chapter Eight YOUTH POLK COUNTY The
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278 ...because of the last past thi
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280 equal opportunity; yet, youth w
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282 The trend in the interviews, fo
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284 in the minority. Racism is indi
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286 could single out a group that t
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288 I think it is because they are
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290 could trust the police, there w
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292 View of Probation Officer In th
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294 and he spoke out against me, ma
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296 Some of those blacks who did co
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Summary 298 In general, most of the
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Table 4-continued. White Black Vari
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Charter Nine Adult Decision Makers
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316 from becoming recidivists and
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318 The paperwork. I think I do my
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320 By reading through the intervie
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322 difference is that youth are no
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324 this country. I don’t think i
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326 I think some of them have to pr
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328 I think they’re about the sam
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330 My feeling is that the most com
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332 The Juvenile Justice System In
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334 I have seen a couple of instanc
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336 The Disproportionate Overrepres
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338 It just goes to show that is al
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340 Race Findings Specific to Study
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342 Blacks Receive Consent Decrees
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344 small minority we are dealing w
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346 In response to the second phase
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348 As a person who hires here, I a
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350 Table 1. Distributions of Decis
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354 Table 3-continued. Variable Nam
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Table 6. Definition of Variable Rep
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366 Table 11. Frequency Distributio
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Chapter Ten Youth Scott County Ther
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370 have equal job opportunities (6
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372 concerning opportunities in the
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374 police brutality. One expressed
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376 feel police do not treat everyo
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378 just thinks you’re never goin
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380 The results from the self repor
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382 white youth who reported he wou
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384 When asked whether they regrett
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400 Table 8-continued White Black V
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402 asked more general questions th
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404 however, were the dominant them
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406 In all four counties, decision
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408 Recommendations A number of rec
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410 encourage sexual promiscuity, a
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412 decision makers have little exp
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414 resources and rising expectatio
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416 Depending on the county, decisi
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418 family cooperativeness or defic
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420 Table 1. Summary of Themes and
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422 Explanations of Specific Findin
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Bishop, D. and C. Fraz
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The Disproportionate Overrepresentation of Minority Youth in ...

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