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6. Landscape conservation initiatives in Nepal: opportunities and challenges conservation to a more inclusive and engaging approach. This change will be key to making landscape conservation initiatives successful. Programmes with high conservation focus that are driven by conservation agencies and involve less engagement of local people. Certain landscape conservation pro - grammes focused exclusively on specific conservation goals are led by park and forestry officials in collaboration with WWF and other conservation agencies. Programmes such as forest conservation, wildlife protection and habitat restoration give high priority to the eco logical dimensions, and communities often find these efforts less engaging and do not tend to participate. In contrast, the success of the protected landscape concept depends on serving both nature and people, and on cooperation and mutual commitment of people and authorities (Lucas,1992). To achieve the objective of conservation beyond bound - aries, according to Beresford (2003) conservation professionals should develop new partnerships and think ‘out of the box.’ External rather than internal funding sources. Landscape conservation programmes currently under implementation depend heavily, if not totally, on outside funding. The sustainability of such programmes will be questionable if successful experiences have not been internalized and institutionalized within the regular government structure and programmes. Moreover, developing a “stewardship approach” that puts conservation in the hands of people most affected by it, and thereby integrates people with nature, as suggested by Brown and Mitchell (2000), could be an appropriate and sustainable landscape conservation strategy. Required policy and legislation are still not in place. For successful management of protected landscapes, a supportive legal framework is essential (Phillips, 2002). Cur - rently, Nepal does not have comprehensive legal and institutional frameworks to co - ordinate diverse and complex conservation interventions at the landscape level. In the absence of an umbrella policy framework and a coordinating institution, agencies work - ing according to different and sometimes conflicting legal mandates and priorities may compete or overlap with each other. Conclusion Conservation is essential and it happens only when people understand the reasons behind it and are actively engaged. In Nepal there is a growing understanding that for biodiversity conservation to be sustainable, appropriate socio-political as well as ecological landscapes are necessary. It is important to note that 78% of the country’s protected areas have been adopting a protected landscape approach to conservation and have tried to link people with resource conservation by empowering local communities to manage their resources and receive benefits from conservation. However, at the landscape scale, successful biodiversity conservation will depend not only on productive collaboration with local people but also on coordinated, integrated planning at provincial, regional and national levels. Additionally, sustainable management of both pro - tected and productive landscapes in collaboration with various interest groups is necessary for the successful management of protected landscapes. Amid growing population and rampant poverty, the successes of ecological linkages will largely depend on careful integration of 91
The Protected Landscape Approach: Linking Nature, Culture and Community ecological benefits with the socio-economic interests of the people. Last but not least, Nepal’s landscape conservation initiatives can only be truly successful when their managers and staff adopt a sensitive and supportive attitude to people, and when local communities are enabled to become more directly engaged in conservation. Acknowledgement I am grateful to Dr Liz Hughes, Executive Director, ICPL for her valuable feedback. 92
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IUCN World Commission on Protected
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The Protected Landscape Approach Li
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Dedication This publication is dedi
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The Protected Landscape Approach: L
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Part I Introduction and global over
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3. World Heritage Cultural Landscap
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10. Sustaining rural landscapes and
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10. Sustaining rural landscapes and
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11. Cultural landscapes of the Ande
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12. Protecting landscapes and seasc
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Colour plates The terraced landscap
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Colour plates Sagarmatha National P
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Colour plates Ebey’s Landing Nati
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Colour plates Forest of Bowland Are
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Colour plates Fruit orchards are a
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13. Protected landscapes and seasca
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Part III The way forward
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Appendix 1 IUCN Protected Area Mana
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Appendix 3 Guidelines for Category
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Appendix 5 Evaluation of Cultural L
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Appendices Country Title of World H
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IUCN - The World Conservation Union
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