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The Protected Landscape Approach: Linking Nature, Culture and Community Curonian Spit Cultural Landscape, Lithuania and Russia, was nominated to the World Heritage List under both natural and cultural criteria. Although the World Heritage Convention is based on shared responsibilities and collaboration, addressing conservation needs in a transboundary context is challenging. UNESCO missions and consultations. This case exemplifies the fragility of heritage landscapes and the need for collaborative approaches in management and risk prevention. Although the World Heritage Convention is based on shared responsibilities and international collaboration, ad - dres sing the needs in a transboundary context can be challenging. The site is also an example of the challenges associated with rapid economic development and exploitation of natural re - sources, while protecting the heritage assets for the benefit of present and future generations. In addition, the enlargement of the European Union in 2004 presents additional challenges, as the EU border crosses the site. 6 This situation makes the transfer from one side to the other more complicated, restricts visitor movement, and reduces the potential for col labora tion. Protecting and managing World Heritage cultural landscapes Protected landscapes are cultural landscapes, …[as they] have co-evolved with human societies. They are areas where the natural landscape has been transformed by human actions and the landscape qualities have shaped the way of life of the people. All management approaches to these areas must be based on a clear understanding of this, often complex, inter-relationship (Beresford, 2003). 6 It is not the only World Heritage site with this problem; Bialowieza Forest between Poland and Belarus is another example. 44
3. World Heritage Cultural Landscapes: a global perspective With the inclusion of the cultural landscapes cate gory in 1992, far-reaching changes were also made to the management and legal provisions and other paragraphs of the Operational Guidelines. It became possible to nominate a site after the guidelines were modified to recognise traditional protection or management mechanisms. The site was considered eligible if there were “adequate legal and/or traditional protection and management mechanisms to ensure the conservation of the nominated cultural properties or cultural landscapes. The existence of protective legislation at the national, provincial or municipal levels and/or a well established contractual or traditional protection as well as of adequate management and/or planning control mechanisms is therefore essential…. Assurances of the effective imple - mentation of these laws and/or contractual and/or traditional protection as well as of these management mechanisms are also expected.” 7 In 1998 the Operational Guidelines were further modified to recognise traditional management mech anisms and customary law as acceptable forms of protection for natural heritage. Subsequently, for the first time in the history of the Convention, a traditionally managed natural site, East Rennell (Solomon Islands), was in - scribed on the World Heritage List in 1998. In 1992, for the first time, the involvement of local people in the nomination process was recognised as necessary and changes were introduced accordingly into the Operational Guidelines. Paragraph 14 was changed to “Participation of local people in the nomination process is essential to make them feel a shared responsibility with the State Party in the maintenance of the site”. The involvement of local people was further strengthened in the new Operational Guidelines of 2004. For the first time the word “sustainable” appeared in the text of the Operational Guidelines with “sustainable land-use”. This addition was discussed at the World Heritage Committee meeting in December 1992 and the “spirit” of the Earth Summit, the Rio Conference, was evident in the debates. The conservation of World Heritage cultural landscapes can demon - strate the principles of sustainable land use and of the maintenance of local cultural and biological diversity, which should pervade the management of the surrounding environment. The management of cultural and natural World Heritage can be a standard-setter for the conservation of the environment as a whole, by establishing exemplars of what is required elsewhere. It can also help to reinforce the standing of heritage conservation at national and local levels. Conclusions This review of the past thirty years of implementation of the World Heritage Convention reveals a broadened interpretation of heritage. The inclusion of cultural landscapes and, in particular, continuing and associative landscapes, has changed the perception and the practice of the Convention. This evolution in the interpretation of the World Heritage Convention represents only the beginning of recognition of the complexity and wealth of diverse values, including intangible values, in relation to protected areas, and in particular to sites of out - standing universal value. An inclusive approach is crucial for the designation and management of World Heritage sites in order to benefit people living in and around these sites, the conservation community, and humanity as a whole. 7 UNESCO 2002, paragraph 24; The new Operational Guidelines. 45
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IUCN World Commission on Protected
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Part III The way forward
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Appendix 1 IUCN Protected Area Mana
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Appendix 3 Guidelines for Category
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Appendix 5 Evaluation of Cultural L
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Appendices Country Title of World H
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IUCN - The World Conservation Union
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