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17. Conclusions – the protected landscape approach Table 2. Benefits from the protected landscape approach Ecological services retain biological diversity, both wild and cultivated; for example, protect soil and water resources, prevent erosion, regulate climate. Cultural traditions sustain and/or revive cultural traditions; support traditional management and governance; support community lifestyles which are in harmony with nature; encourage traditional products as part of an economic strategy; promote the continuation of traditional land uses and seeking new uses through innovative development. Civic engagement generates involvement and support of communities; engages new constituencies; promotes participation and inclusion; increases awareness of heritage; builds community pride; creates inclusive governance structures; fosters civil society. Community-building provides livelihood improvements and increased welfare through the development of natural products for example agriculture, horticulture, forestry, fisheries and through the provision of services; promotes community partnerships and benefit-sharing; generates opportunities for public agency and private sector partnerships; promotes a collaborative management approach, based on community welfare. Economic improvement alleviates poverty and improve quality of life; improves economic vitality and viability; promotes sustainable development initiatives; promotes diversification of local economies; identifies opportunities to develop new products and services and create new employment opportunities; promotes responsible tourism and leisure activities. Many authors also note the pursuit of innovative sustainable economies that market the place and its traditions and also support conservation (see also Phillips, 2002). Sarmiento, Rodriguez and Argumedo describe a model of ecotourism that develops market niches for recreation activites based on landscape enjoyment and education, such as wildlife observation, and also on gastromonic experiences using unique native crops. In Brazil’s coastal zone, Lino and Britto de Moraes cite examples of sustainable development through ecotourism, cultural and histori - cal heritage, fishing and aquaculture and marketing local handicrafts. Similarly, countries in Central Europe are pioneering rural sustainability by building on traditions of the region and experimenting with partnerships among landowners, NGOs and government to create business opportunities with the aim of supporting local economic development. The village of Hosttín in the White Carpathian Protected Landscape Area, for example, has become a model of rural sustainable development. Over the past decade this village has used innovative technologies such as biomass in a heating plant, solar collectors, and biological sewage treatment facility. Hosttín is also one of the centres of “Traditions of the White Carpathians”, an association focused on preserving traditional varieties of fruit, creating the infrastructure for traditional 243
The Protected Landscape Approach: Linking Nature, Culture and Community local processing, and marketing of fruit products. The products are marketed under the “Traditions of the White Carpathians” label that helps market high-quality products by associating them with the region and, at the same time, promotes the region as a whole. In the USA, an Atlas of People, Places and Hand-made Products is being produced to celebrate stories of stewardship and explores the idea of consumer awareness through marketing products associated with place to support sustainable economies. Romulus cites intangible benefits from the participatory planning process that include “greater awareness of impacts on the environment, increased knowledge of natural and cultural heritage of the area, a growing sense of community pride, the discovery of community power in negotiating with the government, and the realization that with the appropriate mechanisms they could have a greater say in designing their future.” Kundrata and Hukov conclude that participatory approaches to conservation have been critical in fostering civil society and reforming new democracies in Central Europe. Collectively, this range of benefits is compel - ling evidence of the effectiveness of the protected landscape approach as a positive force for protection of natural and cultural heritage but also for community-building, social change and democracy. Challenges remaining Although this set of case studies demonstrates much success, challenges remain. Threats facing these places and their stewards are many, and highlight their vulner ability and a sense of urgency. In many parts of the world, changing economies and land uses, poverty as well as rapid growth from development and recreation, put these places and the inter relation ships between the environment and people at risk. According to Phillips and Partington, one of the largest challenges ahead is to integrate conservation fully with all aspects of social and economic endeavours. The need to change perceptions of conservation also presents a challenge. Beresford writes that “the main challenges lie with creating or reinforcing a positive social perception of protected areas as positive assets for communities and building a broad constituency which includes local people, politicians, land owners and the business community.” Budhathoki agrees and cites the challenge of engaging local communities in Nepal, given the widespread suspicion among rural people towards conservation which appears to be another way to control their resource use. These observations are mirrored in perceptions and in many cases, misperceptions of conservationists toward local communities and their stewardship. Many conservation profes - sionals resist the idea of community-based management and are distrustful of the possibility of creating sustainable economies compatible with conservation objectives. Maretti notes how important it is, in developing an overall nature conservation strategy, to view local com - munities and their activities related to natural resources and sustainable development as an opportunity rather than a problem. In the past, this suspicion of local stewardship has some - times resulted in overlooking the conservation value of existing cultural traditions and under - mining the social systems that were providing biodiversity protection. Clearly there is a need for a new image of conservation among diverse constituencies for the protected landscape approach to succeed. The effectiveness of the protected landscape approach is directly linked to its complexity. According to Hughes, “never before has protected area management been so complex, em - bracing a wide range of disciplines, requiring multiple skills, involving many different interest 244
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IUCN World Commission on Protected
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The Protected Landscape Approach Li
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Dedication This publication is dedi
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Part I Introduction and global over
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Part II Case studies from around th
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