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The Protected Landscape Approach: Linking Nature, Culture and Community The Soufriere Marine Management Area remains one of the best-known dive sites in the Caribbean and, though there are problems, it has proven the success of multiple-use zoned areas where people can live with nature and where sustainable livelihoods can be generated. THE PPL AND THE SMMA: Comparing the Praslin Protected Landscape and the Soufriere Marine Management Area reveals a number of similarities and differences as summarised in Table 1. Table 1. Comparison of the PPL and the SMMA using selected planning and management variables VARIABLES Praslin Protected Landscape Soufriere Marine Management Area Land ownership Private and crown lands Crown (the sea) History and culture Studied and known Studied and known Planning process Participatory but hurried Participatory; evolving; adaptive and flexible Planning time Truncated Extended Decision making Participatory but later top-down Top-down but later participatory Political power Shared but later centralized Centralized but later shared Environmental education High priority High priority Communications Ad hoc A plan was developed Conflict resolution mechanism A structure and systems existed but are now dormant A structure and systems evolved Zoning Did not get to this stage Participatory mapping and demarcation of management zones Capacity building Limited Ongoing Legal Voluntary compliance Voluntary compliance and laws Institutional Established a new structure with community support as there was none Initially built on the existing structure but later developed a new structure which was twice modified Financing NGO; tours; grants; government NGO; tours; landing fees; mooring fees; grants and government Economic opportunities Sea moss cultivation; tour guiding; craft; and fishing Marine and land taxi operators; tour guiding; yacht services; fishing; and craft Marketing Intermittent Consistent by government and private sector Evaluation Summative evaluation Formative and summative evaluation Monitoring Inadequate Periodic and considered an integral part of the decision-making process RESULT A management area, which is recognised by the community, protects biodiversity and has brought some form of community pride along with a modest impact on sustainable livelihoods. Insufficient time for large-scale community learning. An effectively managed protected area with a legal and institutional mechanism for resolving conflicts, protecting biodiversity, building pride and creating sustainable livelihoods Community learning is an ongoing process. 186
13. Protected landscapes and seascapes and their relevance to SIDS in the Caribbean Box 1. The Maya Mountain Marine Corridor and the Port Honduras Marine Reserve (Belize) The people of Monkey River Village, Punta Negra and Punta Gorda with a combined population of over 5,300 people are working closely with the Toledo Institute for Environment and Development (TIDE), founded in 1997, to conserve the rich biodiversity of the Toledo District of Belize. The mission of TIDE is to assist in protected areas planning and management, and to lead the development of responsible tourism and other environmentally sustainable economic alternatives by providing training and support to local residents. The Toledo district is an area rich in tropical ecosystems ranging from mountain forest to lowland tropical rainforest and marine ecosystems comprising coral reefs, sea grass beds and mangroves. Among the many species found in the area are the jaguar, the West Indian Manatee, the American saltwater crocodile and the scarlet macaw. Prior to 1997 the Toledo Region was subjected to various environmental impacts including manatee poaching, illegal fishing, illegal logging and destructive farming practices. To address these problems TIDE, working closely with local communities, has created the Maya Mountain Marine Corridor, which comprises 1 million acres of land and approximately 1,000 square miles of sea. The Port Honduras Marine Reserve, which makes up the marine and coastal segment of the Corridor, comprises just over 50% of its sea area. Declared in 2000, the Port Honduras Marine Reserve encompasses six watersheds that empty directly into it, delivering freshwater, sediments and nutrients washed from the uplands into the rivers and carried to the coastal areas. These drive the production of mangrove forest and sea grass beds, which in turn support the coastal fisheries. The area is a rich nursery and recruitment ground for many of the commercial finfish and shellfish species caught in Belize; therefore protecting these functions has become an important part of its manage - ment. The primary management goals as stated in the management plan for the Maya Mountain Marine Corridor are to: protect the physical and biological resources of the reserve by creating a zoning plan for preservation; provide educational and interpretive programmes and develop appropriate protocols for researching and monitoring the resources; preserve the value of the area for fisheries and genetic resources by protecting habitat through patrolling and surveillance; develop recreational and tourism services that are sustainable; and strive for sustainable financing through user fees and other strategies. Recent achievements of this programme demonstrate the value of sustainable resource manage - ment in the Toledo District. There is a vibrant environmental education programme, which uses meetings, workshops and even public radio to reach the resource-users. A community ranger programme has been introduced and is destined to integrate the resource-users into the resource management programme by building a sense of stewardship among them. Surveillance through patrolling is also ensuring that illegal activities in the management area are on the decline. To create options for survival, TIDE is working with The Nature Conservancy to introduce sport fishing, as well as fly fishing and tour-guiding. Elements in the success of the programme include: the involvement of a committed and vibrant NGO; community participation; Cont. 187
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IUCN World Commission on Protected
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The Protected Landscape Approach Li
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Dedication This publication is dedi
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The Protected Landscape Approach: L
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Part I Introduction and global over
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3. World Heritage Cultural Landscap
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4. From pre-assumptions to a ‘jus
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5. Conserving “unprotected” pro
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Part II Case studies from around th
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8. Pastoralists, conservation and l
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9. Protected landscapes in the Unit
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10. Sustaining rural landscapes and
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Appendix 1 IUCN Protected Area Mana
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Appendix 3 Guidelines for Category
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Appendix 5 Evaluation of Cultural L
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Appendices Country Title of World H
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IUCN - The World Conservation Union
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