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2. Landscape as a meeting ground and contain unique assemblages of species from different regions, as well as a number of rare plant endemics. It is a crucial habitat for many resident and migratory bird species. Adjoining the lake proper is Seewinkel, with its 80 or so shallow saline ponds that attract thousands of geese arriving in late autumn. Other natural habitats include saline grassland and marshlands, steppe-relicts, bogs and xerotherm oak stands; many of the modified habitats are also important for nature conservation, though this depends on maintaining traditional land management practices. The area is very beautiful, with contrasts between the lake and its reed beds, forests, dry meadows, vineyards and orchards. Its cultural values are of many kinds: there are Roman stone quarries and villages of medieval origin which used the resources of the lake and adjoining lands; there is the Esterhazy palace where Joseph Haydn wrote much of his music and nearby the home of the hero of Hungarian independence, Count Istvan Szechenyi. The lake and surrounding lands are already protected under both Hungarian and Austrian law as protected areas, as a Category II site on the Hungarian side and as a complex of Category V, IV and II protected areas in Austria. The area is also an important wetland under the Ramsar Convention and a key site in the EU’s Natura 2000 system. The site was nominated both as a cultural landscape and as a natural site. In its joint evaluation with ICOMOS, IUCN recognised its great importance at the European scale but did not feel it was quite as diverse as other World Heritage sites in the region, such as the Danube Delta, nor as rich in birdlife as several other land-locked lakes in temperate latitudes. Although therefore it did not support the inscription of the site on natural grounds, it acknowledged its great regional and national importance, supported its inscription as a Cultural Landscape and indicated its continuing interest in the management of the site. Landscape of the Pico Island vineyard culture, Azores, Portugal The archipelago of the Azores is situated in the mid-Atlantic: Pico is the second largest of the nine islands, dominated by Pico Mountain volcano (2,351m). Two small coastal areas on the island were nominated in 2001 as both cultural and natural properties. Both have been significantly modified for agricultural use, as one is actively farmed for viticulture, and the other was formerly used for growing vines and figs but has since been abandoned. Both areas contain numerous very small fields (of a few square metres only), each surrounded by high lava walls, producing a unique humanized landscape. IUCN recognised the extraordinary achievement of farming in these barren areas of lava and the struggle between people and their environment that is represented by this farmed landscape. However, in terms of natural values the areas are far too small for recognition as World Heritage sites – and they exclude those parts of the island (such as the volcano) which would be of greatest interest. IUCN did not therefore recommend their inscription as natural properties and indeed would have only a limited interest in how these areas are managed, though it did indicate that there might be other parts of the archipelago which could merit inscription as a natural site. For its part, ICOMOS recognised that the area had the potential to be a cultural property but asked the State Party to consider renominating a somewhat larger area of the field system and made several other recommendations (a revised nomination was presented to the World Heritage Committee in 2004 and the site then inscribed on the World Heritage List as a Cultural Landscape). 33
The Protected Landscape Approach: Linking Nature, Culture and Community Þingvellir, Iceland 12 Þingvellir National Park (IUCN Management Category II) is strikingly situated on top of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, which arises from the splitting of the North American and European tectonic plates. The site is bounded on two sides by parallel lines of faulted fissures, and on the other two by mountains and Lake Þingvallavatn, Iceland’s largest lake. Its physical setting helps to give the site its unusual and beautiful quality – as well as a distinct unity. These qualities take on an added significance, as Þingvellir has been the place where nearly all the great events in Icelandic history have taken place for well over a thousand years. Its importance was recognised when it was made Iceland’s first national park as early as 1928 – one of the earliest parks in Europe. The area thus has a unique cultural significance to the Icelandic people: it is, in effect, a national shrine. Although Þingvellir was nominated only as a cultural site, it is remarkable too because of the very strong links between natural and cultural factors. Natural values are certainly higher than in most other Cultural Landscapes on the World Heritage List, and have been well documented. IUCN therefore took a close interest in the nomination, and made a number of recom - mendations, jointly with ICOMOS, on the management of the site, that were considered by the World Heritage Committee in June 2004. It concluded that the area had very impressive natural qualities that are an integral part of the site’s values and accordingly inscribed it as a Cultural Landscape. The site shows inter-continental rifting in a spectacular and readily understandable manner and is of great natural beauty, with an im pressive variety of landforms. Also, there is a close interaction between natural and cultural/historical aspects of the site; and Lake Þingvallavatn is of great limnological interest. The site was inscribed on the World Heritage list as a Cultural Landscape in June 2004. While Þingvellir National Park was not nominated under natural criteria, the question whether it should be was raised during the evaluation and also by some reviewers. It seems that the Icelandic authorities would like to nominate Þingvellir as a natural site in due course. Without prejudice to the evaluation of any such future nomination, the case may be made stronger if Þingvellir were part of a serial nomination that illustrated the significance of the Mid-Atlantic ridge as a whole – a global feature that occurs in several islands or island groups other than Iceland (including the Azores, see above). Analysis In Table 6 below, each of these four sites has been analysed against the natural characteristics set out in Appendix 5. It shows that the natural qualities that they display are of several different kinds and that no one site is important in all respects. Indeed the natural qualities of the four sites are as varied as the cultural ones. 12 ‘Þingvellir’ is pronounced Thingvellir. 34
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Part III The way forward
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Appendix 1 IUCN Protected Area Mana
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Appendix 3 Guidelines for Category
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Appendices Country Title of World H
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IUCN - The World Conservation Union
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