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References UNESCO. 2002. Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention. UNESCO, Paris, France. UNESCO. 2003. Cultural Landscapes: the Challenges of Conservation. (Proceedings of an international workshop, Ferrara, Italy, November 2002.) World Heritage Papers, No. 7. UNESCO World Heritage Centre, Paris, France. UNESCO. 2004. Operational Guidelines for the World Heritage Convention. UNESCO, Paris, France. UNESCO, Provincial Government of Batanes, and the Batanes Heritage Foundation. 2001. Stakeholders Consultative Workshop on the Conservation and Management of the Batanes Archipelago and Ivatan Archaeological Landscape. Report by UNESCO, Provincial Government of Batanes, and the Batanes Heritage Foundation. Villalón, A.F. 1994. The Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras. World Heritage Nomination Dossier. Villalón, A.F. 2002. Lugar: Essays on Philippine Heritage and Architecture. Bookmark Publishing, Manila, Philippines. Villalón, A.F. 2003. The Batanes Archipelago and Ivatan Archaeological Landscape. World Heritage Nomination Dossier. Von Droste, B., Plachter, H. and Rössler, M. (Eds). 1995. Cultural Landscapes of Universal Value. Components of a Global Strategy. Gustav Fischer, Jena, Germany, in cooperation with UNESCO. Wadt, L.H.O., Ehringhaus, C., Gomes-Silva, D.A.P. and Brito, S. da S. 2003. Category VI protected areas: Brazil’s experience with extractive reserves, Acre, Brazil. Paper presented at the V th World Parks Congress, Durban, South Africa, September 2003. Warboys, G., Lockwood, M. and De Lacy, T. 2001. Protected Area Management: Principles and Practice. Oxford University Press, Melbourne, Australia. Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS). 1997. WECS Bulletin 8(2). WPC Durban Accord, www.iucn.org/wpc2003 WWF. 1996. Conservation with a Human Face. Documentary film directed by P.V. Satheesh and produced by Development Perspectives for WWF. WWF-Nepal. 2003. Terai Arc Landscape programme. Published electronically at www.wwfnepal.org.np (accessed 18 March 2004). Western, D. 1997. Nairobi National Park is slowly being strangled by development. Swara 19(6) and 20(1): 19–20. Western, D. and Ssemakula, J. 1981. The future of savanna ecosystems: ecological islands or faunal enclaves African Journal of Ecology 19: 7–19. White, A. and Martin, A. 2002. Who Owns The World’s Forests Forest Tenure and Public Forests in Transition. Forest Trends, Washington DC, USA. Wishitemi, B.E.L. and Okello, M.M. 2003. Application of the Protected Landscape model in southern Kenya. PARKS 13(2): 12–21. Wulf, K. 1999. Conflict Resolution and Participatory Planning: The Case of the Soufriere Marine Management Area. Unpublished paper. Soufriere Marine Management Area, Soufriere, Saint Lucia. Young, T.P. and McClanahan, T.R. 1996. Island Biogeography and Species Extinction. In Young, T.P. and McClanahan, T.R. (Eds). East African Ecosystems and Their Conservation. Oxford University Press, New York, USA. 261
Appendix 1 IUCN Protected Area Management Categories Category Ia: Strict Nature Reserve: protected area managed mainly for science – area of land and/or sea possessing some outstanding or re present ative ecosystems, geological or physio logical features and/or species, available primarily for scientific research and/or environmental monitoring. Category Ib: Wilderness Area: protected area managed mainly for wilderness protection – large area of unmodified or slightly modified land and/or sea, retaining its natural charac ter and influence, without permanent or significant habitation, which is protected and managed so as to preserve its natural condition. Category II: National Park: protected area managed mainly for ecosystem protection and recreation – natural area of land and/or sea designated to (a) protect the ecological integrity of one or more ecosystems for present and future generations, (b) exclude exploitation or occupation inimical to the purposes of designation of the area and (c) provide a foundation for spiritual, scientific, educational, recreational and visitor opportunities, all of which must be environmentally and culturally compatible. Category III: Natural Monument: protected area managed mainly for conservation of specific natural features – area containing one or more specific natural or natural/cultural feature of outstanding or unique value because of its inherent rarity, representative or aesthetic qualities or cultural significance. Category IV: Habitat/Species Management Area: protected area managed mainly for con - servation through management intervention – area of land and/or sea subject to active inter vention for management purposes so as to ensure the maintenance of habitats nd/or to meet the requirements of specific species. Category V: Protected Landscape/Seascape: protected area managed mainly for landscape/ seascape conservation and recreation – area of land, with coast and sea as appropriate, where the interaction of people and nature over time has produced an area of distinct character with significant aesthetic, ecological and/or cultural value, and often with high biological diversity. Safeguarding the integrity of this traditional interaction is vital to the protection, maintenance and evolution of such an area. Category VI: Managed Resource Protected Area: protected area managed mainly for the sustainable use of natural ecosystems – area containing predominantly unmodified natural systems, managed to ensure long-term protection and maintenance of biological diversity, while providing at the same time a sustainable flow of natural products and services to meet community needs. Source: IUCN, 1994. 263
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Dedication This publication is dedi
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Part I Introduction and global over
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3. World Heritage Cultural Landscap
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4. From pre-assumptions to a ‘jus
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5. Conserving “unprotected” pro
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Part II Case studies from around th
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8. Pastoralists, conservation and l
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9. Protected landscapes in the Unit
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10. Sustaining rural landscapes and
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11. Cultural landscapes of the Ande
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12. Protecting landscapes and seasc
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Colour plates The terraced landscap
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Colour plates Sagarmatha National P
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Colour plates Ebey’s Landing Nati
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Colour plates Artisan, Mata Atlanti
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Colour plates Forest of Bowland Are
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13. Protected landscapes and seasca
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