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The Protected Landscape Approach: Linking Nature, Culture and Community cultural significance of these practices is being eroded by new religious practices and privatiza - tion of land tenure (Brokensha and Castro, 1987). The Loita Forest (300km 2 ) in south west Kenya is considered sacred by the Loita and Purko Maasai, as the spiritual centre for their lives. Not only is the forest important for sacred rituals, it is also a source of medicines and dry season forage, and the springs and streams which emerge from the forest symbolise enduring hope. Kipumbwi village, along the coast of Tanzania, started before the arrival of the Arabs in the 18 th century. After a period of prolonged hardship, the village elders brought the spirits from their original home (Mombasa) to a sacred site in the mangrove forest, called Kwakibibi. Nobody may enter without the consent of the three elders (two men and one woman) responsible for the management of the site (Nurse and Kabamba, 1998). Table 2. Community-conserved areas and the IUCN Protected Area Categories – the fit Category and description Strict Nature Reserve and Wilderness area – managed for science and wilderness protection (Category I) National Park – managed mainly for ecosystem protection and recreation (Category II) National Monument – managed mainly for conservation of specific natural features (Category III) Habitat/species management area – for conservation through management (Category IV) Protected Landscape or Seascape managed mainly for landscape and seascape conservation and recreation (Category V) Managed Resource Protected Areas – for the sustainable use of natural ecosystems (Category VI) CCA types Sacred or “no-use” groves, lakes, springs, mountains, islands etc. Main reason for protection may be cultural or spiritual Watershed forests above villages, community-declared conservation areas Natural monuments which are protected by communities for spiritual, cultural and other reasons Areas which are protected for cultural, spiritual and other reasons Traditional grounds of mobile and pastoralist peoples – including rangelands, water points and forest patches, and dry and drought time forage reserves Resource reserves (forests, grasslands, water ways under restrict use (with rule and regulations) to assure use is sustainable Some examples Forole sacred mountain in northern Kenya Hundreds (thousands) of sacred forest groves and wetlands in India Sacred beaches and marine areas – Coron Island, Philippines Life Reserve of Awa people in Ecuador Safey forests, Mizoram, India Forest catchment in Tinangol, Sabah, Malaysia Isidoro-Secure National Park, Bolivia Limestone Caves – Kanger Ghati National Park, India Sites of ancestor graves in Madagascar Mapu Lahual Network of indigenous protected areas in coastal range temperate rainforests, Chile Kokkare Bellur, India (heronry) Migration territory of Kuhi nomads (Iran), including a community-protected wetland Maasai, Turkana and other pastoralist territories in Kenya (including important Loima and Loita forests) Borana pastoral territory in Ethiopia Potato Park, Peru Coron Island, Philippines Island of Eigg, United Kingdom Jardhargaon, Mendha-Lekha, Arvari and hundreds of others in India (fodder, fuel, water, medicinals and other non-timber forest products) Com mu nity for ests in Val de Fiemme, Italy Takieta for est, Niger Mangrove Source: Pathak et al., 2003. 74
5. Conserving “unprotected” protected areas There is a great diversity of sacred forest groves, and they survive in spite of land and population pressures that would have resulted, under normal circumstances, in the conversion of these forested lands. This is testament to their resilience, and also to their cultural and spiritual importance to local villages, communities and people. At an individual sacred grove level, they may not be extensive in conservation terms, though some are quite large (Box 2). More important is the sheer number of sacred groves in many different countries, in different ecosystems and managed under different conditions (Table 2). Many of these sacred groves contain a wide variety of biodiversity, some of which may be endemic, or are relict populations of more ancient forest types. As such, they are important forest conservation assets, even though the underlying rationale is their sacrality, for the following reasons: The sheer age and longevity of some of the groves is important; for instance, the sacred yew groves in Europe, very old sacred trees and groves in India, and the redwood or bristle cone pine groves in the USA; Some groves are managed so that they conserve important biodiversity as a direct by-product of their spiritual and religious values, for example the Boabeng-Fiema sacred grove in Ghana; Many sacred groves are examples of remnant communities of flora and fauna, and are important in a historical ecological sense. Such remnants may only be found surrounded by large areas of converted, or worse, degraded lands, as is found outside monastic forests in Ethiopia; The traditional and religious management systems (institutions and organizations), while being important for the management of the sacred sites in a religious sense, are also important for the context of conservation; While usually not large in size, the number of sacred groves can create connectivity and could be a focus for natural forest and landscape restoration, as well as landscape management; Bhairondev public sanctuary, declared by the villagers of Bhaonta-Kolyala in India, is not an officially recognised protected area. However, villagers protect it zealously and follow the strict rules and regulations mentioned on this wall at the entrance of the sanctuary. Ashish Kothari 75
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IUCN World Commission on Protected
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The Protected Landscape Approach Li
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Dedication This publication is dedi
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The Protected Landscape Approach: L
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Part I Introduction and global over
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10. Sustaining rural landscapes and
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Colour plates The terraced landscap
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Part III The way forward
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Appendix 1 IUCN Protected Area Mana
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Appendix 3 Guidelines for Category
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Appendices Country Title of World H
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IUCN - The World Conservation Union
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