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15. The evolution of landscape conservation in Australia Information collected through oral histories through the Memories Project. Management of heritage places with shared histories across different phases of human land use and between different communities will ensure that: All aspects of the history of a place are identified, recorded and assessed; Both Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal cultural values are acknowledged at places where they co-exist; Management of the remaining physical evidence of one historical theme or story is not at the expense of that of another; and Visitor interpretation covers all aspects of the layered histories of such places. Those parts of the Park containing concentrations of material cultural heritage will be managed as discrete Heritage Precincts in which protection of historic features and landscapes will receive high priority (www.nationalparks.nsw.gov.au). These new directions, in accord with National Parks and Wildlife Service policies, suggest that cultural heritage assessment work should use the following principles: An integrated, or whole-of-landscape, approach with regard to the identification and assessment of all cultural (both historic and pre-contact Aboriginal) and natural values; and A cultural landscape approach to understanding the values of the item within its wider environmental/biogeographic, historic and social setting (NPWS, 2002). This case study illustrates the current response of a management agency to the need for more cooperation with its neighbours by acknowledging their prior use of and associations with this large national park and its treasured landscapes. Castlemaine Diggings National Heritage Park The applicability of the World Heritage cultural landscape categories to the Central Victorian goldfields, a historic mining landscape, was tested as part of the 1996 State of Environment reporting process and found to be applicable to a range of landscapes (Lennon, 1997). There is increasing interest in understanding heritage landscapes as a means of linking communities with these places (Cotter et al., 2001). In Victoria there is a heritage overlay in all local government planning schemes. State heritage agencies incorporated cultural landscapes into their categories of heritage places which cover private lands protected through planning scheme controls similar to those for English national parks. The expansion of Victoria’s Heritage Act 1995 allowed listing of landscapes (http://heritage.vic.gov.au/Heritage_ Landscapes/). In 2003, the Castlemaine Diggings National Heritage Park of 7,442ha was listed. It had been gazetted in the 1970s as the Castlemaine-Chewton Historic Area (Regional Park) which contained historic mining relics and archaeological evidence of the original (1852) rush to the diggings. This area was re-examined as part of the Environment Conservation Council’s Box-Ironbark Forests and Woodlands Investigation. The Council recommended creating a new category of public land principally to protect and recognise outstanding cultural landscapes (ECC, 2001). This designation is a first for Australia. The Castlemaine Diggings are significant 215
The Protected Landscape Approach: Linking Nature, Culture and Community An 1850s house site and grave in Castlemaine Diggings National Heritage Park, Australia. The National Heritage Park designation brings high levels of recognition to cultural values, especially landscapes of exceptional value. D. Bannear at an Australian scale, in the extent to which their goldfields landscapes have been preserved. The importance of the Castlemaine Diggings is not just in the considerable sig nificance of the individual relics and sites themselves but in the cultural landscapes formed where large numbers of sites and relics persist in their original settings and demonstrate a range of cultural themes over several phases of human occupation. Existing historic parks are characterized by aggregations of cultural sites and relics, as opposed to cultural landscapes. In addition, recognition and protection of natural and other values is generally peripheral in historic parks. At the other end of the scale, the primary purpose of national and state parks is the recognition and protection of natural values and, as significant as they are, the natural values of the Castlemaine area are not of the order, nor does the area cover the range, which these categories warrant. What was essentially required was a category, similar to national park, for cultural values, and with the scope for appropriate recognition and protection of natural and other values of moderate to high significance. Accordingly, the Environment Conservation Council (ECC) envisaged a ‘national heritage park’ as a category that primarily brings high levels of recognition to cultural values, especially landscapes of exceptional quality. Protection will also be provided for other environmental values, especially natural values. As a result, harvesting of forest products and grazing by domestic stock will not generally be permitted. New surface mining and exploration will require approval under section 40 of the National Parks Act 1975 and the park would only be reserved to a depth of 100m. One of the most important requirements of national heritage park 216
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IUCN World Commission on Protected
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The Protected Landscape Approach Li
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Dedication This publication is dedi
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The Protected Landscape Approach: L
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Part I Introduction and global over
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3. World Heritage Cultural Landscap
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4. From pre-assumptions to a ‘jus
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5. Conserving “unprotected” pro
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Part II Case studies from around th
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8. Pastoralists, conservation and l
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9. Protected landscapes in the Unit
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10. Sustaining rural landscapes and
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11. Cultural landscapes of the Ande
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Page 187 and 188: Colour plates The terraced landscap
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Appendices Country Title of World H
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IUCN - The World Conservation Union
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