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The Protected Landscape Approach: Linking Nature, Culture and Community While these benefits were tangible and obvious, there were other intangible benefits which were a result of the many interventions. They included a greater awareness of impacts on the environment, increased knowledge of the natural and cultural heritage of the area, a growing sense of community pride, the discovery of community power in negotiating with Government, and the realization that with the appropriate mechanisms they could have a greater say in designing their future. In addition to all these achievements, the SLNT entered into an agreement with the PMDC and one of the landowners to transfer EC$1 (US$ 37 cents) for each adult tourist who visited the area and walked the trails and EC$ .50 (US$ 19 cents) for each child. This arrangement flourished for over four years until problems surfaced, caused primarily by the dominance of the PMDC by one individual and the reversion to a non-participatory mode of operations. This occurred in the aftermath of the withdrawal of the SLNT from the area, which was precipitated by a sudden and drastic reduction of its budget by 27%. Today, the Praslin Protected Landscape still exists in name but not in law. However, there is voluntary compliance and the managed area is still supported, even as the communities continue to struggle to survive, their situation exacerbated by an economic recession in St. Lucia and the Caribbean. What is critical to note here is that the establishment of the Praslin Protected Landscape focused attention on the socio-economic plight of the people of Praslin and Mamiku, which was alleviated to a significant extent (Romulus and Ernest, 2003) while addressing environmental problems. A sea moss farmer in Praslin Bay, Saint Lucia. For the communities of Praslin and Mamiku in the Praslin Protected Landscape, the re-introduction of sea moss cultivation and processing has made an important contribution to sustainable livelihoods. Saint Lucia National Trust 182
13. Protected landscapes and seascapes and their relevance to SIDS in the Caribbean The case of the Soufriere Marine Management Area The Soufriere Marine Management Area (SMMA) remains St. Lucia’s most successful marine protected area, though it was born out of serious resource-use conflicts. Located on the south-west coast of the island of St. Lucia is one of the Caribbean’s and the world’s most outstanding areas of natural beauty. The area is part of the Soufriere Volcanic Centre, which experienced major volcanic activity 5–6 million years ago, with the most recent being a phreatic blast in the Sulphur Springs Area in AD1766. Offshore are St. Lucia’s best coral reefs, which attract many divers every year and two of the world’s most scenic volcanic mountains in Gros Piton (777m) and Petit Piton (743m). Many researchers and visitors consider these natural monuments among the best and most unique in the world and worthy of World Heritage designation. 2 The area is inhabited by over 7,000 people who live in the Administrative Quarter of Soufriere and in the town of the same name. In the past they depended on agriculture, fishing, and coconut oil production for survival, all of which have been in a depression for some time. In more recent times, tourism has emerged as the saviour of the area, as Soufriere has become the most visited part of the island. The area is known not only for its scenic coastline but also for its very high unemployment, underemployment and poverty. In the early 1990s the use of offshore resources came under increasing pressure between different resource users. According to Wulf (1999), the Manager of the Soufriere Marine Management Area, there were many environmental problems which included the: “degradation of coastal water quality, with direct implications for human health and for the protection of the reef system; depletion of the near-shore fisheries resources; loss of the economic, scientific and recreational potential of coral reefs, particularly in the context of diving tourism; degradation of landscapes and general environment quality, notably on or near beaches; and pollution generated by solid waste disposal in ravines or directly in the sea.” In addition to these environmental problems, the specific problems of resource management according to Wulf (ibid) manifested themselves in the form of: “conflicts between commercial dive operators and fishermen over the use of, and the perception of impact on, the coral reefs; conflicts between yachts and fishermen because of anchoring in fishing areas; conflicts between the local community and hoteliers over the access to beaches; conflicts between fishermen and authorities at both the local and national levels over the location of a jetty in a fishing priority area; and 2 The Pitons Management Area, which includes a terrestrial and marine component, was declared a World Heritage Site at the 28 th session of UNESCO’s World Heritage Committee in Suzhov, China, June–July, 2004. 183
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IUCN World Commission on Protected
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The Protected Landscape Approach Li
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Dedication This publication is dedi
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The Protected Landscape Approach: L
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Part I Introduction and global over
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3. World Heritage Cultural Landscap
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4. From pre-assumptions to a ‘jus
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5. Conserving “unprotected” pro
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Part II Case studies from around th
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8. Pastoralists, conservation and l
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9. Protected landscapes in the Unit
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10. Sustaining rural landscapes and
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Appendix 1 IUCN Protected Area Mana
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Appendix 3 Guidelines for Category
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Appendix 5 Evaluation of Cultural L
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Appendices Country Title of World H
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IUCN - The World Conservation Union
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