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The Protected Landscape Approach: Linking Nature, Culture and Community While the Mandira Extractive Reserve only achieved official designation in 2002, for about five years leading up that point the area was already de facto managed as an extractive reserve. As a coastal extractive reserve in Brazil’s Southeast, it is rather small – particularly when compared with its counterparts in the Amazonian region. The extractive reserve represents some 1,175ha, mostly composed of mangroves, which are used by some 100 dwellers, basing their activity mainly on the collection of mangrove oysters Crassostrea brasiliana. The project results include tangible benefits to the regional economy and the restoration of cultural values and environmental quality. Through the project, local communities that had been socially and economically oppressed and involuntarily had been provoking natural degradation, have become proud fishermen, who now take responsibility for their harvesting activities, working and environmental conditions, and the quality of their products. Also as a result, consumers have access to better and healthier products, while the harvesting and processing activities are now more environmentally sensitive. The local processing facility where the oysters are selected, cleaned and packed, now serves as the clearing-house not only for the products and for the overall production process, but for the social organization as well. The Mandiras are now widely seen as leaders in the Iguape-Cananéia estuary-lagoon region, building on their community’s traditional knowledge and organizations, and as pioneers in this more interesting way of working. A no less important result has been landscape conservation by the local communities – landscape as their own cultural reference, but also as beautiful scenery. This has not only permitted the maintenance and enhanced appreciation of their ‘traditional’ way of life, but also allowed mutually beneficial integration between seafood production and tourism, while main - taining the conditions for future generations to make their own choices. The approach presented here restores extractivism to its proper place: that the knowledge and management practices of local communities are neither ‘primitive’ nor ‘rudimentary’; they should not be despised, ignored nor idealized. The correct approach is one based on respecting, understanding and learning from them. Local communities are generally best able to improve the harvest and related production chains on which their livelihoods depend; they should be allowed to maintain control over these matters – and, consequently, over their own lives. At the same time, the need for capacity-building should not be neglected, as this can present new challenges. In fact, one of the major difficulties in the Mandira case was for the local communities to enter the market, and develop the entrepreneurial and administrative skills to create businesses and market their products. 21 That is really what ‘sustainable development’ means, for it has its economic and ecological dimensions, but also its social and cultural ones – and, hopefully its political dimensions too – all integrated together and viewed from the perspective of long-term sustainability. Local communities’ knowledge and social organization are at the very core of these possibilities, but appropriate nature conservation methods – including the adequate understanding, con si - deration and use of protected area categories V and VI and mosaics – are also extremely important. 21 This process and the community management was recognised by the Equator Initiative (UNDP) in 2002 as one of the world’s best and presented at the World Summit on Sustainable Development in Johannesburg 2002. 60
4. From pre-assumptions to a ‘just world conserving nature’ Child with bird, Brazil. Clayton F. Lino The Iguape-Cananéia-Paranaguá estuary-lagoon region – and the Ribeira Valley region as a whole – have a comprehensive approach to regional planning and management. It includes national and state parks (Category II), federal and state ecological stations (Category Ia), as well as two major environment protection areas, or APAs, (Category V), the management of which relies on transboundary cooperation between states. A portion of these protected areas is within the Southeast Atlantic Forest World Heritage site. However, the acceptance of an extractive reserve (Category VI), and the fact that it is located within an APA (Category V), was an important break-through in the process of real and effective implementation of sustainable development within this region of Brazil. Closing remarks The cases discussed here show that, when appropriately addressed, local communities and their activities related to natural resources and sustainable development present an op portunity, rather than a problem, in developing an overall nature conservation strategy. When properly integrated, local communities are typically allies of nature conservation. However, simply relying on proposals to integrate local communities, zoning processes, or overly broad con - servation strategies, may not be enough. Not infrequently there is a need for sharper and more specific tools with enough legal and political strength and offering practical possibilities. Provided that legitimacy is built into the process – either through autonomous control by local communities, or through their engagement in participatory processes led by respected govern - mental institutions – these tools can be promoted. However, the institutional existence of protected areas is also important, con sidering, for instance, their operational, as well as conceptual and legal, conditions. Therefore, there is a need for protected area management 61
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IUCN World Commission on Protected
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The Protected Landscape Approach Li
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Dedication This publication is dedi
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The Protected Landscape Approach: L
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Part I Introduction and global over
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9. Protected landscapes in the Unit
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10. Sustaining rural landscapes and
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11. Cultural landscapes of the Ande
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12. Protecting landscapes and seasc
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Colour plates The terraced landscap
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Colour plates Sagarmatha National P
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Colour plates Ebey’s Landing Nati
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Colour plates Artisan, Mata Atlanti
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Colour plates Fruit orchards are a
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13. Protected landscapes and seasca
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Part III The way forward
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Appendix 1 IUCN Protected Area Mana
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Appendix 3 Guidelines for Category
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Appendix 5 Evaluation of Cultural L
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Appendices Country Title of World H
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IUCN - The World Conservation Union
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