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15. The evolution of landscape conservation in Australia birthplaces, rock art, camping places, rockholes and places important in the recent Anangu and Piranpa (“white fella”) history of the area. Equally importantly, this plan also provides for the conservation of the cultural landscape in which these places exist and from which they are inseparable. It requires both physical conservation actions and attention to the maintenance of cultural heritage values that enliven it. This will be achieved through training of young Anangu, involvement of traditional owners who live outside the park, keeping the stories about places strong, providing privacy for ceremonies, explaining cultural restrictions to visitors, and recording oral history connected to people’s early experiences in the park including the struggle to win back their land. In addition to this park-wide cultural landscape plan, there are plans for specific sites, such as Mutitjulu Kapi (Mutitjulu waterhole), associated rock art sites and the physical features of the Kuniya and Liru stories, which require actions for managing visitor use as well as vegetation, fire, rock art, and restoration of trampled areas and the waterhole. The evolution and current practice of planning and management at Uluru-Kata Tjuta illustrates how cultural heritage has gained primacy in land management. It is an exciting example of traditional owners reclaiming their ways of living in the land, referred to as ‘keeping country straight.’ It also represents reconciliation between Europeans whose practices often damaged the land and the Anangu whose traditional methods can restore the land to a new ecological balance. It is symbolic of what needs to be done throughout much of rangeland Australia. Kosciuszko National Park Kosciuszko National Park was the largest national park in Australia in the 1940s, and regarded by some as the ‘Yellowstone of Australia’. It illustrates the important role of acknowledging cultural values and involving neighbours in park planning. The Kosciuszko region in southeastern New South Wales has the highest altitude in Australia (2,228m), a large percentage of Alpine view in Kosciuszko National Park, Australia. Development of its new management plan illustrates the important role of acknowledging cultural values and involving neighbours in park planning. New South Wales National Parks and Wildlife Service 211
The Protected Landscape Approach: Linking Nature, Culture and Community land above the snow line, rugged terrain, and a severe and unpredictable climate. Aboriginal people came to the region at least 21,000 years ago and to the area that is now national park 4,000–5,000 years ago (Mulvaney and Kamminga, 1999). By the 1820s, pas toral ists were taking cattle and sheep into the higher alps. Payable gold was discovered at Kiandra in November 1859, creating the first alpine gold rush. Mining became more highly capitalized during the 1880s with the introduction of hydraulic sluicing and dredging, which remained in operation until the 1930s. The area was also used for logging of native timber, harvesting of eucalyptus oil, and establishing forestry plantations. Skiing, introduced by miners at Kiandra in the 1860s, has developed into a major industry, along with other types of outdoor recreation, especially bushwalking. Recognition of the unique qualities of Kosciuszko inspired research in many fields almost from the beginning of European exploitation of the area (Scougall, 1992). Two developments occurred in the 1940s – the creation of Kosciusko State Park (later expanded into Kosciusko National Park) and the initiation of the Snowy Mountains Hydro Electric Scheme – that brought great physical and social change to the area. Recent evidence indicating higher levels of Aboriginal use of the alpine country provides important information about human adaptation to this ancient landscape. The traditional European emphasis on scientific (archaeological) research and on the role of men in Aboriginal society has left a legacy of biased recording and analysis of Aboriginal cultural heritage which has yet to be redressed. This bias led to misunderstanding and downplaying some aspects of Aboriginal culture in the park, and an emphasis on archaeological sites at the expense of broader landscapes (Lennon, 2002). Pastoralists used prior Aboriginal land use patterns and every explorer and squatter of note in the alpine district was assisted by at least one Aboriginal guide. By the early 1850s, most of the Australian Alps had been nominally occupied by pastoralists though the severe winters of the high country checked permanent occupation and grazing there (Sullivan and Lennon, 2002). The sub-alpine landscape has been affected by this pastoral phase in national develop - ment and presents continuing evidence of this era in impressive cultural landscapes, vegetation change, a changed fire regime, the presence of wild horses and other introduced species, and distinctive erosion patterns. Much of this evidence constitutes damage to the pre-European environment, but it also has significant historic and scientific value. This is true also for evidence of mining, timber-getting, water-harvesting and recreation. Concentration on nature conservation has also had its costs. Removal of stock from the high country has been demonstrated as an ecological necessity, but there was initially insufficient recognition of the loss of way of life and treasured traditions and the impact of severing strong emotional ties to the land, which resulted from the cessation of grazing in the high country excluding both pastoralists and Aborigines (Read, 1996). The zeal to restore a ‘pristine’ environment initially ignored the long Aboriginal heritage of the park, and also led to the destruction or damaging neglect of valuable historic heritage fabric, most notoriously at Kiandra, the goldfields village. This in turn has led to protest, lobbying, and research by heritage conservationists, and a gradual revision of policies to better protect cultural heritage. Cultural landscape zones have not been formally delineated even though management guidelines have been prepared for obvious areas such as Currango and Kiandra (Lennon and Mathews, 1996). Currango is of national historic significance, being the largest and most intact pastoral settlement above the snowline in Australia with 25 remaining buildings and ruins spanning 150 years of European occupancy (Sullivan and Lennon, 2000). The physical setting of pastoralism is of national aesthetic significance, having been used for over a century by 212
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IUCN World Commission on Protected
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Dedication This publication is dedi
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Part I Introduction and global over
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3. World Heritage Cultural Landscap
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Part II Case studies from around th
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Appendices Country Title of World H
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IUCN - The World Conservation Union
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