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The Protected Landscape Approach: Linking Nature, Culture and Community The Praia landscape of Mata Atlantica, Brazil’s first Biosphere reserve. Created in 1991 to protect the remaining fragments of threatened forest areas, the Biosphere reserve spans the Atlantic Forest biome, passing through 15 Brazilian states and incorporating hundreds of core zones. Clayton Lino declared with the aim of preserving the welfare of urban populations and improving local ecological conditions, and within which restrictions may be imposed to avoid potentially polluting industries, substantial alteration of local ecological conditions, erosion processes, and any activity that threatens existing rare species of regional biota. Briefly, APAs must include zoning for ecological and economic activities; a wildlife zone; provisions to meet urban requirements (e.g., sewage systems; streets that follow the local topography; planting of native plant species); a Management Committee and a Management Plan. Federal APAs are managed by the federal government agency IBAMA, 1 attached to the Ministry for the Environment. The coastal zone: protecting landscapes and seascapes The importance of the coastal zone and its resources – natural and cultural – is undeniable. People are historically linked to these areas, accustomed to using the natural resources in a sustainable way for their subsistence and livelihoods. However, the pressures of modern life and emigration of people to Brazil’s coastal zones have resulted in uncontrolled urban growth and increased problems of poverty. On the other hand, the highest population densities are found precisely in this territory of Brazil, which creates special challenges for operational work in the field. These challenges include: the complexity of land uses, the involvement of three levels of government – federal, state and municipal – and the specific legislation for each 1 Brazilian Institute for the Environment and Sustainable Use of Natural Resources. 164
12. Protecting landscapes and seascapes: experience from coastal regions of Brazil different kind of protected area found in the region, which ranges from strict protection to sustainable use categories, as well as protected landscape/seascapes. Fortunately, despite several economic cycles of natural resources exploitation since the European colonists’ arrival, there still remains a significant area covered with vegetation. During the 20 th century, the concern for protecting the natural environment grew and reached more and more areas in Brazil, which resulted in the creation of national and state parks, among other protection tools, by federal and state authorities. While the latter part of the 20 th century was a period of increasing awareness of the consequences of environmental degradation, the century ended with fishing stocks declining, and local communities being forced to move to large cities for a better quality of life, along with many other losses for the environment, culture and landscape/seascape of Brazil’s coastal zone. Protected by the Brazilian Federal Constitution, Brazil’s coastal zone is a fragile ensemble of ecosystems in a transitional zone, encompassing some of the first lands occupied in the country, where nature and native cultures have faced several threats over the centuries. Sustaining multiple uses along its more than 8,000km, the Brazilian coastal zone concentrates pollution effects, at the same time that migration into urban areas has taken traditional people from lands they have occupied for centuries or more, and where they had practiced fishing, hunting and cultivating. Brazil’s coastal zone is also where the greatest number of protected areas are concentrated. The Brazilian Institute for the Environment and Sustainable Use of Natural Resources, IBAMA, is the federal agency responsible for protected areas in Brazil and is in charge of the government’s environmental policies. In the Brazilian system of environmental protection, IBAMA is the executor of directives from the central government agency, the Ministry for the Environment. Generally each state has its Secretariat for the Environment and is able to keep protected areas under its responsibility; as, in turn, do municipalities. However, the basic rules are determined by federal legislation, and those imposed by state and municipal authorities may only be more restrictive. IBAMA is also the institution responsible for implementing Brazil’s National Coastal Management Plan, which dates from the 1980s, and which brought many new approaches at the outset. To date, the Coastal Management Plan, despite not achieving direct results such as zoning or the implementation of state regulations, has led to many indirect positive consequences for the planning and conserving of coastal resources. An important example is the development of coastal zoning and coastal management planning at the state level in Brazil. Moreover, concerns for the coastal zone and methods for planning have been adopted into legislation and policies by state and municipal administrations. Finally, a number of NGOs are actively working in Brazil’s coastal zone on issues related to fisheries management, protection of endangered and threatened species (e.g., the golden lion tamarin), conservation of forests and other ecosystems, and the needs of local communities. Brazil’s national system of protected areas Since 2000 Brazil’s protected areas legislation, Sistema Nacional de Unidades de Conservação (SNUC) has divided the country’s national system of protected areas into two groups: Integral Protection and Sustainable Use. The first group of conservation units is comprised of IUCN 165
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IUCN World Commission on Protected
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The Protected Landscape Approach Li
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Dedication This publication is dedi
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The Protected Landscape Approach: L
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Part I Introduction and global over
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3. World Heritage Cultural Landscap
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4. From pre-assumptions to a ‘jus
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5. Conserving “unprotected” pro
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Part II Case studies from around th
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8. Pastoralists, conservation and l
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Part III The way forward
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Appendix 1 IUCN Protected Area Mana
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Appendix 3 Guidelines for Category
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Appendix 5 Evaluation of Cultural L
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Appendices Country Title of World H
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IUCN - The World Conservation Union
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