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16. Building leadership and profes sionalism: approaches to training for protected landscape management Elizabeth Hughes The nature and complexity of protected landscapes Protected Landscapes aim to conserve tangible and intangible landscape values that are the outcome of the interaction of people and nature. These are lived-in, working landscapes, represented by Category V of IUCN’s category system of protected areas (IUCN, 1994). They are constantly evolving through a combination of natural processes and human activities that are inextricably interwoven. The key feature of protected landscapes, therefore, is that by their very definition their conservation objectives are framed not only within the context of their biodiversity status, but also within a social, cultural and economic context. They represent an holistic approach to conservation, and the management styles and skills that they require reflect this. It follows that they also offer test-beds for sustainability, the policies and practices of which can be transferred to the management of the wider landscape. Historically, protected landscapes have been regarded as a European model with limited application elsewhere, yet over the last decade a sea change has occurred such that this model is now recognised as widely applicable. This shift in perception has been both ethical and pragmatic, but has arisen largely from a new awareness and understanding that has come from the growing body of experience around the world, including: Recognition of a number of examples of protected areas around the world that have traditionally been managed according to more ‘exclusionary’ models – for example Categories I and II (IUCN, 1994) – where it is now clear that the landscape has been moulded by human activity and where this activity is an essential component of a healthy ecosystem (Keoladeo National Park and World Heritage Site in Rajasthan, India is a case in point (WWF, 1996)). Increasingly, management styles that characterize the protected landscape approach are being adopted to enhance the conservation of these areas. Strict protection measures alone are now recognised as being inadequate to secure the biodiversity values of protected areas. While strictly protected areas are of unequivocal importance to global conservation, there is a need to adopt alternative approaches to management, which re-engage with local communities and other stakeholders, thereby generating much greater support for conservation. It is evident that many of the pro - fessional skills and practices that characterize the management of protected landscapes can also be applied in these situations. In the wider landscapes surrounding or linking strictly protected areas, human activity is often dependent upon the natural resources or environmental services they provide. The protected landscape approach is also appropriate here and is being widely adopted in this context. The Buffer Zone Programme of Nepal (see Budhathoki, 2003 and in this 221
The Protected Landscape Approach: Linking Nature, Culture and Community volume) and the integrated conservation and development programmes of the African ‘Heartlands’ (Muruthe, 2000) are good illustrations of this. Thus the protected landscape model has a very wide application, and is now recognised as reflecting the attributes of what has become known as the “new paradigm for protected areas in the twenty-first century” (Beresford and Phillips, 2000, and see Phillips in this volume). However, the management approach it represents has yet to be universally acknowledged and professional development for this complex approach is still in its infancy. Protected landscape management Protected landscape management represents a strategic and integrated “package” of manage - ment activities, which aims to link local development needs to the sustainable use of resources and the conservation of cultural heritage and biological diversity. As argued by Beresford and Phillips (2000), the management objectives of protected landscapes can only be achieved through an inclusive approach “where local communities are treated as central to the future of the area” and where its management “is directed at enabling them to share in both the responsibility and benefits of designation.” Furthermore, working at the individual level, building and supporting a sense of landscape stewardship among land-users may be as important in some cases as working at the community level. Multi-sectoral and multi-level partnerships are by implication essential to this inclusive approach. Thus, while necessarily visionary and strategic in its approach, protected landscape manage - ment is extremely complex and has also to be highly adaptive, and sufficiently flexible to meet the needs and priorities of each and every area to which it is applied. In the IUCN publication Management Guidelines for IUCN Category V Protected Areas: Protected Landscapes/Seascapes, Phillips (2002) has developed practical guidance for protected landscape managers to help them in the application of this intricate web of concepts and principles. Certainly, never before has protected area management been so complex, embracing a wide range of disciplines, requiring multiple skills, involving many interest groups and often demanding a highly sensitive approach. It is clear, therefore, that one of the most critical issues for protected landscapes is building the new professionalism required for the effective implementation of this challenging conser - vation approach. Given that our landscapes are now under enormous pressure from the seemingly immutable pace of modern development, it is only by providing conservation profes sionals with the appropriate conceptual framework, tools and techniques, that we can hope to manage change and conserve the best of what we have, for generations to come. As long ago as 1993, Parks for Life: Action for Protected Areas in Europe (IUCN, 1993) highlighted the critical need for professional development of protected area staff in general. It argued that “staff are vital to the effective management of protected areas and their training should be a top priority” (IUCN, 1993). It recommended that “each country should prepare and implement a training programme to provide regular training to staff of protected areas” …and that “the programme should ensure that staff at every level (including volunteers) are well trained initially and that their skills are continually developed and updated.” More than a decade on, there has been relatively little progress in this regard and it is certainly true to say (as 222
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IUCN World Commission on Protected
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Dedication This publication is dedi
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Part I Introduction and global over
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3. World Heritage Cultural Landscap
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9. Protected landscapes in the Unit
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Page 187 and 188: Colour plates The terraced landscap
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