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The Protected Landscape Approach: Linking Nature, Culture and Community Community self-determination and safe-guarding of traditional knowledge, practices,and innovation systems are central to El Parque de la Papa. By maintaining the character of this landscape the local communities hope to protect the area’s rich biodiversity and cultural sites, while strengthening local livelihoods and food systems. Jessica Brown communities 1 are working to create an Andean Community-Conserved Area 2 (CCA) called El Parque de la Papa, or Potato Park, using an integrated landscape conservation approach. Bordering areas of the park link the agricultural landscape with high mountain native forests, grasslands and wetlands that play an important role by hosting a rich variety of endemic plant and animal species. By maintaining the character of this Andean landscape, the communities hope to protect the area’s rich biodiversity (including native plant genetic resources, as well as wild relatives of domesticated plant and animal species), habitats and cultural sites; strengthen local livelihoods and food systems; and articulate sound poverty alleviation strategies and policies to their conservation goals. The major problem confronting the conservation of Andean biodiversity and sustaining landscapes is the fragmentation and erosion of traditional systems of agriculture and resource management (Graves, 2000). Due to cultural erosion, migration to cities, environmental degradation and economic marginalization, Andean communities are losing their access to a 1 2 Under this initiative, the 8,000 villagers of the communities of Amaru, Pampallacta, Cuyo Grande, Sacaca, Paruparu and Chahuaytire have agreed to bring together the 8,661ha in their six communal land titles and manage them jointly for their collective benefit. Proposed by TILCEPA, Community-Conserved Areas can be defined as modified and natural ecosystems, whether human-influenced or not, and which contain significant biodiversity values, ecological services, and cultural values, that are voluntarily conserved by communities, through customary laws and institutions (Pathak et al., 2003). They are discussed in several other chapters in this volume. 152
11. Cultural landscapes of the Andes diverse range of biological resources that have made high mountain agrarian societies sustain - able in the past. Loss of traditional knowledge and weakening of the local institutions that can assure steward ship and sustainable management of Andean ecosystems is a major factor leading to the declining use and presence of biodiversity in the Andes (Koziell, 2001). Further - more, national policies in food, agriculture and the environment have tended to ignore the value of indigenous institutions and the biodiversity over which they are the traditional stewards. A combination of these factors has led to the current situation where Andean crops and livestock are being replaced by other foods, crops and animals, and habitats are being converted to uses that are less sustainable and less amenable to local management. The cumulative impact is fewer livelihood choices and resources for the indigenous people of the Andes, and the erosion of a fragile habitat rich in biodiversity. Another important feature of the traditional agricultural system under peril is exchange and connectivity across landscapes and communities. Legends as well as historical, anthro po - logical and biological research confirm the importance that pre-Colombian Inca cultures gave to the movement and exchange of plants and other biological resources with conscious movement of materials and diversity from the northern to the southernmost extremes of the Andean zone. Especially important for domestication was the movement of plants and cultivars from tropical humid lowlands to mountain and high mountain landscapes and vice versa. This culturally managed gene flow has been much reduced; it is impeded by national borders and fragmented by different tenure regimes and monoculture production systems. The marginal - ization of indigenous cultures and the growth of national and global market systems have replaced traditional patterns of germplasm exchange. Established in 1998, the Potato Park has gained extensive national and international recognition for its innovative methods of conserving native genetic diversity as well as the knowledge associated with the sustainable use and management of genetic resources. The scheme is conceived as a pilot for a larger initiative in landscape conservation in the Andes region: the Ruta Sagrada del Cóndor-Wiracocha (introduced in the preceding section of this chapter). The key element to this model is support to indigenous institutions for stewardship, community-based resource management and affirmation of local rights. Communities are organized into Local Learning Groups, which are local platforms for analysing and studying local phenomena. The structure of the platform is based on the format of traditional arrange - ments used by local people to discuss and analyse community affairs and make appropriate decisions. Traditional knowledge has been integrated into all conservation acti vities; this ensures that local people exercise leadership and control over the project and that any application of Western science and technology responds to cultural needs. Assessment of technological needs is based on the analysis of drivers affecting the Quechua culture and not on scientific abstractions. Landscape conservation based on traditional knowledge, practices and innovation systems is likely to have greater success in conserving the local landscape while providing for livelihoods than those that rely solely on conventional conservation approaches. The six communities in the Potato Park have formed a park association (Asociacion de Comunidades del Parque de la Papa), a legal representative entity composed of the elected head of each community, which is in charge of the day-to-day governance of the park. ANDES and the Park authorities work hand-in-hand to develop alternative economic activities, based on sustainable use of the agro-ecosystem’s goods and services, including agro-ecotourism, marketing of 153
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IUCN World Commission on Protected
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The Protected Landscape Approach Li
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Dedication This publication is dedi
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The Protected Landscape Approach: L
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Part I Introduction and global over
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3. World Heritage Cultural Landscap
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4. From pre-assumptions to a ‘jus
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5. Conserving “unprotected” pro
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Part II Case studies from around th
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Part III The way forward
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Appendix 1 IUCN Protected Area Mana
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Appendix 3 Guidelines for Category
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Appendix 5 Evaluation of Cultural L
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Appendices Country Title of World H
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IUCN - The World Conservation Union
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