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The Protected Landscape Approach: Linking Nature, Culture and Community approach combined with appropriate enabling frameworks can support the livelihood needs of mobile people as well as deliver positive conservation impacts. Maintaining wildlife dispersal areas and migration corridors in Kenya: protected landscapes and the Maasai Most national parks and reserves in Kenya are too small to be viable and many of them must depend on intervening private lands that serve as wildlife dispersal and migratory areas. With human encroachment and different land use priorities outside on private land, biodiversity loss outside protected areas, especially in migration corridors and dispersal areas, is inevitable (Mwale, 2000; Okello and Kiringe, 2004). Parks such as Nairobi and Nakuru are now severely affected by loss of dispersal areas (Western, 1997). This case study considers how a protected landscape approach could maintain wildlife dispersal areas and migration corridors on the land of Maasai pastoralists. The protected landscape character of Maasai communal lands The Maasai live in communally owned group ranches established in the early 1960s in the Olkuejado, Narok and Trans Mara districts of Kenya (Cheeseman, 2001). One of the areas inhabited by the Maasai is the Tsavo-Amboseli area, which is made up of six group ranches. This lived-in, working landscape represents one of the major remaining areas of wildlife in Kenya outside protected areas. It is rangeland of outstanding visual quality and beauty overlooked by the world famous Mount Kilimanjaro, and the scenic Chyulu Hills. The wildlife is free-ranging and abundant, moving between the protected areas of Tsavo and Amboseli The lived-in, working landscape of the Tsavo-Amboseli Ecosystem, inhabited by the Maasai, represents one of the major areas for wildlife in Kenya outside of protected areas. The Chyulu Hills (shown here) and Mt. Kilimanjaro greatly influence the ecology of the area. Moses M. Okello 108
8. Pastoralists, conservation and livelihoods in East and Southern Africa The Tsavo-Amboseli Ecosystem has a diversity of free-ranging large mammals, which are the main attraction to tourists visiting the area. Securing their migration corridors and dispersal areas in lands outside Tsavo West, Chyulu Hills and Amboseli National Parks is critical, but poses a greater challenge. Moses M. Okello National Parks and the Maasai Group Ranches. It is still common to see herds of zebra, wildebeest and gazelles grazing harmoniously side by side with Maasai livestock. Wildlife lives and moves freely among the parks, group ranches, community wildlife sanctuaries and other dispersal areas in the ecosystem covering an area of about 6,000km 2 (Kimani and Picard, 1998). An elected leadership that is mandated to regulate use of plant, water and land resources manages most group ranch affairs. They also regulate human migration and settlement patterns. Wildlife and other natural resources are unharmed and allowed to share the land. This has long been the case for most pastoral communally owned lands in Kenya, and did not change with the evolution of community group ranches in the 1960s (Cheeseman, 2001). Most characteristics of the traditional Maasai management regime can conform to the characteristics and objectives of the protected landscape model (Aichison and Beresford, 1998). Characteristics such as lived-in, working environments; harmonious existence between nature and culture through the protection of landscape; continuation of traditional land uses (such as pastoralism); social and cultural manifestations (such as Maasai artifacts, traditional homesteads (called bomas); maintaining and enhancing social lifestyle such as song, dance and dress code; land use practices that are compatible with nature (such as wildlife conservation and pastoralism); maintenance of biological diversity; provision of public enjoyment through recreation and tourism; and enhancing benefits from resources to local communities (as in cultural bomas where selling cultural artifacts, song and dance are presented to paying 109
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IUCN World Commission on Protected
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The Protected Landscape Approach Li
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Dedication This publication is dedi
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The Protected Landscape Approach: L
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Part I Introduction and global over
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3. World Heritage Cultural Landscap
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4. From pre-assumptions to a ‘jus
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11. Cultural landscapes of the Ande
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12. Protecting landscapes and seasc
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Colour plates The terraced landscap
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Colour plates Sagarmatha National P
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Colour plates Fruit orchards are a
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13. Protected landscapes and seasca
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Part III The way forward
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Appendix 1 IUCN Protected Area Mana
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Appendix 3 Guidelines for Category
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Appendix 5 Evaluation of Cultural L
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Appendices Country Title of World H
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IUCN - The World Conservation Union
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