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2. Landscape as a meeting ground agreements, the Convention on Wetlands of International Importance (Ramsar) and the World Heritage Convention, were signed more than 30 years ago. In 1992, the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) was adopted at the Earth Summit. But until very recently, there were no international landscape agreements. Landscape comes in from the cold Things are changing now. This is because several of the characteristics of landscape are particularly relevant to the search for more sustainable ways of living. These are: Landscape is universal. It is found everywhere that people and nature have interacted, in remote places, in farmed countryside, even in villages, towns and cities. It needs to be stressed that a concern for landscape should not be confined to what is conventionally considered as the most beautiful or “least spoilt” landscapes. It is dynamic. Landscapes inevitably change and evolve over time, in response to natural processes and to the changing needs and activities of people. Landscape cannot be ‘frozen’. It is hierarchical. Like a Russian doll, a large landscape area contains smaller landscape units within it; they in turn contain still smaller ones; and so on. It is holistic – or it is nothing: any attempt to understand it as a wholly natural, wholly historic or entirely physical phenomenon is doomed. It cannot be understood or managed except through an integrated, multi-disciplinary approach, which embraces all its eco - logical, economic, cultural and social components. These qualities are all very relevant to sustainable development, which can only be achieved by connecting (or reconnecting) people and nature, and which demands multi-disciplinary approaches. In this sense, landscape is not only an environmental resource in its own right but also a medium through which to pursue sustainable development. Such thinking is well expressed in the preamble to the world’s first landscape treaty, the European Landscape Convention (ELC), which came into force in March 2004. 5 It is also a driver behind the themes of this chapter, the growing importance given by IUCN to Category V protected areas – or Protected Landscapes/Seascapes – and the emergence of the ‘Cultural Landscapes’ category under the World Heritage Convention. The connection is very clear when we look at the types of landscape action that are at the core of the ELC. Indeed, the three-fold classification provided by Article 1 of the convention offers an excellent general typology that is relevant in all parts of the world: ‘Landscape protection’, defined by the ELC as “actions to conserve and maintain the significant or characteristic features of a landscape justified by its heritage value derived from its natural configuration and/or human activity;” ‘Landscape management’, meaning “from a perspective of sustainable development, to ensure the regular upkeep of all landscape, so as to guide and harmonise changes which are brought about by social, economic and environmental processes;” 5 See Council of Europe web site: http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/EN/cadreprincipal.htm 21
The Protected Landscape Approach: Linking Nature, Culture and Community ‘Landscape planning’, meaning “strong forward-looking action to enhance, restore or create landscape” (COE, 2002). Both Category V protected areas and World Heritage Cultural Landscapes are focused on the first task that the ELC seeks to promote: landscape protection. Category V Protected Landscapes/Seascapes – protecting biodiversity and other values Protected areas of all kinds are essential for biodiversity conservation, landscape protection and for many other aspects of conservation and sustainable development. IUCN has defined a protected area as “an area of land and/or sea especially dedicated to the protection and maintenance of biological diversity, and of natural and associated cultural resources, and managed through legal or other effective means” (IUCN, 1994). Within this broad definition, protected areas are managed for many different purposes in addition to biodiversity protection. To help improve understanding of protected areas, and to promote awareness of the range of protected area purposes, IUCN has developed a system for categorizing protected areas by their primary management objective. It identifies six distinct categories (IUCN, 1994), which are set out in Appendix 1; the fifth of these is Protected Landscapes/Seascapes. The categories system is being increasingly accepted by national governments as a framework to guide the establishment and management of protected areas. A growing number of countries have used it in domestic legislation or policy. 6 Its importance was confirmed at the V th World Parks Congress in Durban, South Africa in 2003. 7 In February 2004, the Seventh Conference of the Parties to the CBD (Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia) gave this IUCN system intergovernmental support. 8 Looking at the history of IUCN’s involvement in protected areas, led by its World Commission on Protected Areas (WCPA), 9 it is possible to detect a progressive broadening of thinking among those working in protected area policy and practice. Thus, for many years the preoccupation at the international level was with pristine or near-pristine areas, that is national parks (in the Yellowstone model), and the categories of relatively strict protection (i.e. I–IV). However in the past 10–15 years or so, the importance of protected areas that focus on lived-in working landscapes has been increasingly recognised. This process can be dated to the 1987 international symposium on protected landscapes which led to the Lake District Declaration (Foster, 1988), soon to be followed by the adoption of a resolution about the importance of Category V areas at the 1988 IUCN General Assembly. It continued with the publication of the late Bing Lucas’s guide to protected landscapes (Lucas, 1992). It was confirmed with the publication of the Guidelines for Protected Area Management Categories (IUCN, 1994). Further important steps were the publication of the Management Guidelines for IUCN 6 7 8 9 For a fuller account, see the research project into the category system, “Speaking a Common Language” accessible at www.cf.ac.uk/cplan/sacl/ See Workshop Recommendation 5.19, on the IUCN web site: www.iucn.org/themes/wcpa/wpc2003/ english/outputs/recommendations.htm See CBD web site www.biodiv.org/ Formerly the IUCN Commission on National Parks and Protected Areas (CNPPA). 22
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Part III The way forward
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Appendix 1 IUCN Protected Area Mana
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Appendix 3 Guidelines for Category
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IUCN - The World Conservation Union
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