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The Protected Landscape Approach: Linking Nature, Culture and Community The Cananéia-Iguape-Peruíbe Area de Proteção Ambiental The Cananéia-Iguape-Peruíbe APA is located on the southeastern coast of Brazil, in São Paulo State, and is part of the most important extension of remaining Atlantic Forest – the largest continuum in Brazil – including mangroves, estuaries and lagoons, rich fauna and flora. Established in 1984, it is situated within the Ribeira Valley, which is classified as part of the Mata Atlantica Biosphere Reserve and the World Heritage Site (Natural). The Mandira Extractive Reserve (see chapter in this volume by Maretti) is located within the Cananéia- Iguape-Peruíbe APA. Original communities still live in the region, maintaining many age-old traditions, an important asset in working toward sustainable management today. Table 2 presents all the federally protected APAs in Brazil’s coastal zone; these represent almost half of the APAs in Brazil. Table 2. Federal Environmental Protection Areas (APAs) in Brazil’s coastal zone 3 Name Region/state Creation Area (ha) Land/seascape Protection goals Anhatomirim South/Santa Catarina 1992 3,000 Land, sea Sotalia fluviatis, Atlantic Forest, water resources for traditional fishermen Bacia do rio S.João/ Mico-Leão -Dourado Baleia Franc Barra do Rio Mamanguape Cairuçu Costa dos Corais Southeast/ Rio de Janeiro South/Santa Catarina Northeast/ Paraíba Southeast/ Rio de Janeiro Northeast/ Alagoas, Pernambuco 2002 150,700 Land, rivers Spring-water resources, Atlantic forest remnants, environmental and cultural heritage, Leontophitecus rosalia 2000 156,100 Land, sea, islands 1993 14,640 Land, marine and river waters 1983 32,688 Continental lands, water, islands Eubalena australis, rational use of resources, occupation of water and land, tourist and recreational uses, research and traffic Trichechus manatus (peixe-boi marinho)and other endangered species, mangrove, Atlantic Forest and water resources, improvement of local peoples’ living conditions; promoting environmental education and ecological tourism Remarkable landscapes and seascapes, hydrological systems, traditional communities, natural environment and rare species 1997 413,563 Land/sea Coral and sandstone reefs, Trichechus manatus, mangroves in estuaries, support existence of the local cultures and contribute to the revival of regional cultural diversity 3 Especially in some states, there is also a significant area of land contained within State Environmental Protection Areas; for example, in Bahia, where 28 state-level APAs cover more than 5% of the state territory totalling 3,069,787ha. Also, Sao Paulo State and Minas Gerais have important portions of territory protected by APAs, among others. 172
12. Protecting landscapes and seascapes: experience from coastal regions of Brazil Table 2. Federal Environmental Protection Areas (APAs) in Brazil’s coastal zone (cont.) Name Region/state Creation Area (ha) Land/seascape Protection goals Cananéia- Iguape- Peruíbe Delta do Parnaiba Fernando de Noronha, Rocas,S. Pedro-S. Paulo Guapi-Mirim Southeast/ São Paolo North/Piauí Ceará, MA Northeast/ Pernambuco Southeast/ Rio de Janeiro 1984 234,000 Continental lands, waters, islands 1996 313,800 Continental lands, water, islands Ecosystems – mangroves to mountains, bird nesting areas, archeological sites, water quality, Atlantic forest, maintenance of traditional communities’ standards River mouths and dunes, typical vegetation and threatened animal species: Trichechus manatus, fishes, shrimps and crabs; improvement of local people’s living conditions; preservation of local cultural traditions 1986 93,000 Sea, islands Environmental quality and necessary conditions for survival of fauna and flora; searocks, atoll 1984 13,961 Land, water Mangrove in Guanabara Bay, mouths of rivers Guaraqueçaba South/Paraná 1985 283,014 Continental areas, islands Jericoacoara Piacabuçu Northeast/ Ceará Northeast/ Alagoas 1984 6,443 Continental lands 1983 9,143 Continental lands Atlantic Forest, mangrove, traditional communities, archeological sites Dunes, beaches, mangrove, marine turtles, birds, maintenance of traditional communities’ activities Dunes, beaches, birds, turtles, surroundings of Ecological station Praia do Peba This region was (and still is) very productive in terms of aquatic life, thanks to a barrier island, Ilha Comprida (Long Island), which measures 70km by 3km and protects the estuaries of several rivers, forming an estuary-lagoon system. The Ilha Comprida island is also important for its genetic material and as a stopping point for migratory birds. The ecosystems of the region, including naturally flooded areas, sandbanks and dunes are naturally dynamic, but also fragile and vulnerable to urban pressures. There was, and still is, amazing evidence of prehistoric man, with several sambaquis 4 which provided whitewash for painting buildings along the coast in older times. The area was one of the principal Brazilian targets for settlement by the Portuguese in the 16 th century, and Cananéia village dates from 1531; along with Iguape, it is one of the oldest towns in Brazil. In the 18 th and 19 th centuries Ribeira Valley was important for rice production, with the advantage of a harbour allowing export and trade. However, canalization of the rivers led to silting up of the harbour and, as rice production moved to the interior of Brazil, economic development declined and the region was abandoned. This marginalization continued through the 19 th 4 Archeological protected heritage. Sambaquis look like small hills, covered with rich vegetation. They are basically middens (domestic refuse heaps) and date from 10,000BP–5,000BP. 173
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IUCN World Commission on Protected
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The Protected Landscape Approach Li
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Dedication This publication is dedi
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The Protected Landscape Approach: L
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Part I Introduction and global over
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3. World Heritage Cultural Landscap
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4. From pre-assumptions to a ‘jus
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5. Conserving “unprotected” pro
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Part II Case studies from around th
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8. Pastoralists, conservation and l
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9. Protected landscapes in the Unit
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Part III The way forward
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Appendix 1 IUCN Protected Area Mana
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Appendix 3 Guidelines for Category
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Appendix 5 Evaluation of Cultural L
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Appendices Country Title of World H
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IUCN - The World Conservation Union
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