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The Protected Landscape Approach: Linking Nature, Culture and Community benefits to the local people and attracted international funding including support from the World Monuments Fund for terrace restoration and re-use. One of the most important pro - gramme initiatives is a system of renting out terraces to people in the city to create a fund that is used to maintain the dry stone walls that support the steep terrain above the villages. Sub - sequently, a national park was created which covers most (but not all) of the World Heritage cultural landscape. The protection of the site was enhanced and research institutions such as the University of Genoa became involved in providing assistance in management planning. With the creation of the national park, a train transport system was developed along the seaside which allows visitors to move easily between the picturesque villages, the main tourist attractions, and to hike along the seaside trail. The system provides financial support for the park as each ticket is also an entry ticket into the site. Most important for the local economy is the development of specific value-added landscape products, including wine, olives, juice, marmalade and other agri cultural produce, which are proudly marketed by the locals using a Cinque Terre label that includes a World Heritage logo. Consumers of these place-specific products understand that by purchasing them they are supporting the preservation of a World Heritage cultural landscape, its communities, and their centuries-old land use traditions. The Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras The Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras were included in the World Heritage List in 1995 and represent another agricultural landscape of particularly unique and dramatic scenic value of small terraces on steep mountainsides (see Villalón in this volume). This site represents an interaction between people and their natural environment over generations. In 2001 the rice terraces were included on the World Heritage In Danger list despite efforts to safeguard the property by the Banaue Rice Terraces Task Force (BRTTF) and Ifugao Terraces Commission (ITC). The BRTTF lacks full government support and, to be effective, needs more resources, greater independence and an assurance of permanence. About 25–30% of the terraces are now abandoned, which has led to damage to some of the walls. This situation has arisen because sections of the irrigation system have been neglected, due to people leaving the area. Most of the site is privately owned and traditionally managed. The Qadisha Valley (Lebanon) The Qadisha Valley is a site mentioned in the Bible for its sacred cedars. It is an interesting cultural landscape example, as it was initially nominated as a natural property – The Cedar Forest of Lebanon – but was not recommended by the advisory body IUCN due to its small size and integrity issues. Subsequently the property was presented as a cultural landscape and inscribed in 1998 as a site of monastic settlements since the earliest years of Christianity, following a joint ICOMOS-IUCN evaluation mission to the site. It has currently no protected area status nationally but is located between two nature Reserves (Horsh Ehden and Tannourine Nature Reserves). A local association is working for improved protection of the site and the World Heritage Committee in June 2003 requested better legal protection, management coordination, establishment of a nature reserve and development of a manage - ment plan. 42
3. World Heritage Cultural Landscapes: a global perspective The Sukur Cultural Landscape (Nigeria), the first cultural landscape from Africa to be inscribed on the World Heritage List, is a remarkably intact physical expression of a society and its spiritual and material culture. UNESCO Sukur Cultural Landscape (Nigeria) The first cultural landscape from Africa inscribed on the World Heritage List represents a site of traditional management and customary law. The Sukur Cultural Landscape encompasses the Hidi’s stone henge palace (i.e., the dwelling place of the spiritual-political paramountcy), dominating the villages below, the terraced fields and their sacred symbols with stone paved walkways that link the low land to the graduated plateaus. The landscape also features architectural elements including stone corrals for feeding domestic stock, graveyards, stone gates and vernacular stone settlement clusters with homestead farms, all in the midst of rare species of flora and fauna. It is a remarkably intact physical expression of a society and its spiritual and material culture. Curonian Spit (Lithuania/Russian Federation) This transboundary area is located at the shores of the Baltic Sea and features an unusual geomorphological phenomenon of a sandy peninsula constantly changed by waves and wind. Following a stakeholders’ and planning meeting, a joint management plan was produced and the area was nominated to the World Heritage List under both natural and cultural criteria. Human habitation of this elongated sand dune peninsula dates back to prehistoric times. Even today, unique traditions such as the production of krikstai – wooden grave markers – and traditional fishing farmsteads are still alive. The site was inscribed in 2000 as a cultural landscape and has benefited from the international recognition and also from financial assist - ance for its visitor centre. However, the case illustrates that protected areas are not islands, as an oil platform was constructed in the Baltic Sea by the Russian authorities and joint preventive protection measures have been difficult to create despite international meetings and UNESCO 43
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Colour plates The terraced landscap
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Part III The way forward
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Appendix 1 IUCN Protected Area Mana
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Appendix 3 Guidelines for Category
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Appendix 5 Evaluation of Cultural L
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Appendices Country Title of World H
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IUCN - The World Conservation Union
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